TUGAS IBD 10 MANUSIA DAN HARAPAN

TUGAS IBD 10 MANUSIA DAN HARAPAN

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A. Pengertian Harapan

Harapan berasal dari kata harap yang berarti keinginan supaya sesuatu terjadi, sehingga harapan dapat diartikan sesuatu yang diinginkan dapat terjadi. Yang dapat disimpulkan harapan itu menyangkut permasalahan masa depan.
Setiap manusia mempunyai harapan. Manusia yang tanpa harapan, berarti manusia itu mati dalam hidup. Orang yang akan meninggal sekalipun mempunyai harapan, biasanya berupa pesan – pesan kepada ahli warisnya.
Harapan tersebut tergantung pada pengetahuan, pengalaman, lingkungan hidup dan kemampuan masing – masing. Misalnya, Budi hanya mampu membeli sepeda, biasanya tidak mempunyai harapan untuk membeli mobil. Seorang yang mempunyai harapan yang berlebihan terkadang akan berakibat menjadi tertawaan orang banyak seperti pribahasa “Si pungguk merindukan bulan”, walaupun tidak ada yang tidak mungkin didunia ini bila Tuhan berkehandak.
Harapan harus berdasarkan kepercayaan, baik kepercayaan pada diri sendiri, maupun kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Agar harapan dapat terwujud, maka diperlukan usaha dengan sungguh – sungguh, berdoa dan pada akhirnya bertawakal agar harapan itu dapat terwujud.

B. Apa Sebab Manusia Mempunyai Harapan ?
Menurut kodratnya manusia itu adalah mahluk sosial. Setiap lahir ke dunia langsung disambut dalam suatu interaksi hidup, yakni ditengah suatu keluarga atau sebagai anggota masyarakat. Tidak ada satu manusiapun yang luput dari interaksi hidup. Ditengah – tengah yang lainnya, seseorang dapat hidup dan berkembang baik fisik / jasmani maupun mental / spiritualnya. Ada dua hal yang mendorong orang hidup berinteraksi dengan manusia lain, yakni dorongan kodrat dan dorongan kebutuhan hidup.
  1. Dorongan kodrat, ialah sifat, keadaan atau pembawaan alamiah yang sudah terjelma dalam diri manusia sejak manusia itu diciptakan oleh Tuhan. Misalnya menangis, bergembira, berpikir, berjalan, berkata, mempunyai keturunan dan sebagainya. Setiap manusia mempunyai kemampuan untuk itu semua.
  2. Dorongan kebutuhan hidup, sudah kodratnya bahwa manusia mempunyai bermacam – macam kebutuhan hidup. Kebutuhan hidup itu pada garis besarnya dapat dibedakan atas kebutuhan jasmani dan kebutuhan rohani.
Menurut Abraham Maslow sesuai dengan kodratnya harapan manusia atau kebutuhan manuis itu ialah :
a)      Kelangsungan hidup (survival)
b)      Keamanan (safety)
c)      Hak dan kewajiban mencintai dan dicintai (be loving and love)
d)      Diakui linkungan (status)
e)      Perwujudan cita – cita (self actualization)

C. Kepercayaan
Kepercayaan berasal dari kata percaya, artinya mengakui atau meyakini akan kebenaran. Kepercayaan adalah hal – hal yang berhubungan dengan pengakuan atau keyakinan akan kebenaran. Ada beberapa kalimat yang dapat kita perhatikan :
  • Ia tidak percaya pada diri sendiri.
  • Saya tidak percaya ia berbuat seperti itu, berita itu kurang dapat dipercaya.
  • Bagaimana juga kita harus percaya kepada pemerintah.
  • Kita harus percaya akan nasehat – nasehat yang berasal dari Al-qur’an.
Dengan contoh berbagai kalimat diatas maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan, bahwa dasar kepercayaan itu adalah kebenaran.

D. Berbagai Kepercayaan Dan Usaha Meningkatkannya
Dasar kepercayaan adalah kebenaran. Kepercayaan itu dapat dibedakan atas :
  1. Kepercayaan pada diri sendiri, menganggap dirinya tidak salah, dirinya dapat menang, dirinya mampu mengerjakan apa yang diserahkan atau dipercayakan kepadanya.
  2. Kepercayaan kepada orang lain, dimana orang percaya terhadap kata hati, perbuatanya sesuai atau terhadap kebenaran orang lain.
  3. Kepercayaan kepada pemerintah, karena pada dasarnya negara berorientasi pada Tuhan dan kepentingan rakyat, sudah seharusnya kalau sebagai warga negara mempercayai pemerintah / negara.
  4. Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan, merupakan hal yang sangat penting percaya kepada Tuhan. Dikarenakan keberadaan manusia yang tidak dengan sendirinya melainkan diciptakan oleh Tuhannya.
Berbagai usaha dilakukan manusia untuk meningkatkan rasa percaya kepada Tuhannya. Usaha itu bergantung kepada pribadi kondisi, situasi dan lingkungan. Usaha itu antara lain :
  1. Meningkatkan ketakwaan kita dengan jalan meningkatkan ibadah.
  2. Meningkatkan pengabdian kita kepada masyarakat.
  3. Meningkatkan kecintaan kita kepada sesama manusia dengan jalan suka menolong, dermawan dan sebagainya.
  4. Mengurangi nafsu mengumpulkan harta yang berlebihan.
  5. Menekan perasaan negatif seperti iri, dengki, fitnah dan sebagainya

Sumber : www.elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/docmodul/ilmu_budaya_dasar

 TUGAS IBD 9 MANUSIA DAN KEGELISAHAN

TUGAS IBD 9 MANUSIA DAN KEGELISAHAN

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A. Pengertian Kegelisahan

Kegelisahan berasal dari kata gelisah, yang berarti tidak tenang hatinya, selalu merasa khawatir, tidak tenang, tidak sabar, cemas. Sehingga kegelisahan merupakan hal yang menggambarkan seseorang tidak tentram hati maupun perbuatannya, merasa khawatir, tidak tenang dalam tingkah lakunya, tidak sabar ataupun dalam kecemasan.
Kegelisahan merupakan salah satu ekspresi dari kecemasan. Karena itu dalam kehidupan sehari – hari, kegelisahan juga diartikan sebagai kecemasan, kekhawatiran ataupun ketakutan. Masalah kecemasan atau kegelisahan berkaitan juga dengan masalah frustasi, yang secara definisi dapat disebutkan, bahwa seseorang mengalami frustasi karena apa yang diinginkan tidak tercapai.

B. Sebab – Sebab Orang Gelisah
Apabila kita kaji, sebab – sebab orang gelisah adalah karena pada hakekatnya orang takut kehilangan hak – haknya. Hal itu adalah akibat dari suatu ancaman, baik ancaman dari luar maupun dari dalam.

C. Usaha – Usaha Mengatasi Kegelisahan
Mengatasi kegelisahan ini pertama – tama harus mulai dari diri kita sendiri, yaitu kita harus bersikap tenang. Dengan sikap tenang kita dapat berpikir tenang, sehingga segala kesulitan dapat kita atasi.
Untuk mengatasi kegelisahan yang paling ampuh kita memasrahkan diri kepada Tuhan. Kita pasrahkan nasib kita sepenuhnya kepada-Nya. Kita harus percaya bahwa Tuhanlah Maha Kuasa, Maha Pengasih, Maha Penyayang dan Maha Pengampun.

D. Keterasingan
Keterasingan berasal dari kata terasing, dan kata ini berasal dari kata dasar asing. Kata asing berarti sendiri, tidak dikenal orang. Sehingga kata terasing berarti tersisihkan dari pergaulan, terpisahkan dari yang lain atau terpencil. Jadi kata keterasingan berarti hal – hal yang berkenaan dengan tersisihkan dari pergaulan, terpencil atau terpisah dari yang lain.
Terasing atau keterasingan adalah bagian hidup manusia. Sebentar atau lama orang pernah mengalami hidup dalam keterasingan, sudah tentu dengan sebab dan kadar yang berbeda satu sama lain.

E. Kesepian
Kesepian berasal dari kata sepi yang berarti sunyi atau lenggang, sehingga kata kesepian berarti merasa sunyi atau lengang, tidak berteman. Setiap orang pernah mengalami kesepian, karena kesepian bagian hidup manusia. Lama rasa sepi itu bergantung kepada mental orang dan kasus penyebabnya.
Kesepian itu akibat dari keterasingan. Keterasingan dapat disebabkan sikap buruk seperti sombong, angkuh, keras kepala, yang membuat manusia diasingkan oleh kehidupan sosialnya.

F. Ketidak Pastian
Ketidak pastian berasal dari kata tidak pasti artinya tidak menentu, tidak dapat ditentukan, tidak tahu, tanpa arah yang jelas, tanpa asal – usul yang jelas. Itu semua dapat disebabkan karena pola pikir yang kurang bisa terfokus (konsentrasi).
Sebagai permisalan ketidak pastian adalah tentang kelulusan yang terkadang dapat menyebabkan kegelisahan. Lulus dan tidak lulus bisa jadi faktor yang menentukan status atau karir seseorang dalam hidupnya. Ketidak pastian dalam memprioritaskan kelulusan suatu jenjang pendidikan dapat merugikan ataupun membuat karir terancam.

G. Sebab – Sebab Terjadi Ketidak Pastian
Orang yang tidak bisa berpikir secara teratur, kurang bisa mengambil kesimpulan. Bila ini terjadi, dalam berpikir manusia selalu menerima rangsang – rangsang lain, sehingga kadang membuat jalan pikiran semakin menjadi kacau oleh hal tersebut. Penyebab bisa berupa tanda – tanda obsesi, phobia, delusi, kehilangan pengertian dan lain sebagainya.
Beberapa sebab orang tidak dapat berpikir dengan pasti ialah :
  1. Obsesi, merupakan gejala neurosa jiwa, yaitu adanya pikiran atau perasaan tertentu yang terus menerus. Biasanya tentang hal – hal yang kurang menyenangkan.
  2. Phobia, ialah rasa ketakutan yang tak terkendali, tidak normal, kepada sesuatu hal atau kejadian tanpa diketahui sebab – sebabnya.
  3. Kompulasi, ialah adanya keragu – raguan tentang apa yang telah dikerjakan, sehingga ada dorongan yang tidak disadari melakukan perbuatan yang serupa berkali – kali.
  4. Histeria, ialah neurosa jiwa yang disebabkan oleh tekanan mental, kekecewaan, pengalaman pahit yang menekan, kelemahan syaraf, tidak mampu menguasai diri atau sugesti dari sikap orang lain.
  5. Delusi, menunjukkan pikiran yang mengalami kekacauan, yang disebakan oleh suatu keyakinan palsu, diluar akal sehat, tidak ada dasar kenyataan dan tidak sesuai dengang pengalaman.
  6. Halusinasi, ialah khayalan yang terjadi tanpa rangsangan panca indera maupun dengan sugesti, seperti obat bius atau minuman yang memabukkan.
Keadaan Emosi, dalam keadaan tertentu seseorang sangat berpangaruh oleh emosinya. Sikap ini dapat berupa kesedihan menekan, tidak bernafsu, tidak bersemangat, gelisah, resah, suka mengeluh, tidak mau berbicara, termenung, menyendiri.


Sumber : www.elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/docmodul/ilmu_budaya_dasar
It's possible to trade profitably on the Forex, the nearly $2 trillion worldwide currency exchange market. But the odds are against you, even more so if you don't prepare and plan your trades. According to a 2014 Bloomberg report, several analyses of retail Forex trading, including one by the National Futures Association (NFA), the industry's regulatory body, concluded that more than two out of three Forex traders lose money. This suggests that self-education and caution are recommended. Here are some approaches that may improve your odds of taking a profit. Prepare Before You Begin Trading Because the Forex market is highly leveraged -- as much as 50 to 1 -- it can have the same appeal as buying a lottery ticket: some small chance of making a killing. This, however, isn't trading; it's gambling, with the odds long against you. A better way of entering the Forex market is to carefully prepare. Beginning with a practice account is helpful and risk-free. While you're trading in your practice account, read the most frequently recommended Forex trading books, among them Currency Forecasting: A Guide to Fundamental and Technical Models of Exchange Rate Determination, by Michael R. Rosenberg is short, not too sweet and highly admired introduction to the Forex market. Forex Strategies: Best Forex Strategies for High Profits and Reduced Risk, by Matthew Maybury is an excellent introduction to Forex trading. The Little Book of Currency Trading: How to Make Big Profits in the World of Forex, by Kathy Lien is another concise introduction that has stood the test of time. All three are available on Amazon. Rosenberg's book, unfortunately, is pricey, but it's widely available in public libraries. "Trading in the Zone: Master the Market with Confidence, Discipline and a Winning Attitude," by Mark Douglas is another good book that's available on Amazon, and, again, somewhat pricey, although the Kindle edition is not. Use the information gained from your reading to plan your trades before plunging in. The more you change your plan, the more you end up in trouble and the less likely that elusive forex profit will end up in your pocket. Diversify and Limit Your Risks Two strategies that belong in every trader's arsenal are: Diversification: Traders who execute many small traders, particularly in different markets where the correlation between markets is low, have a better chance of making a profit. Putting all your money in one big trade is always a bad idea. Familiarize yourself with ways guaranteeing a profit on an already profitable order, such as a trailing stop, and of limiting losses using stop and limit orders. These strategies and more are covered in the recommended books. Novice traders often make the mistake of concentrating on how to win; it's even more important to understand how to limit your losses. Be Patient Forex traders, particularly beginners, are prone to getting nervous if a trade does not go their way immediately, or if the trade goes into a little profit they get itchy to pull the plug and walk away with a small profit that could have been a significant profit with little downside risk using appropriate risk reduction strategies. In "On Any Given Sunday," Al Pacino reminds us that "football is a game of inches." That's a winning attitude in the Forex market as well. Remember that you are going to win some trades and lose others. Take satisfaction in the accumulation of a few more wins than losses. Over time, that could make you rich!
No car insurance resource would be complete without a comprehensive glossary of car insurance terms. We've compiled a list of terms and their definitions to better help you navigate the sometimes confusing world of insurance Accident - This is an unexpected sudden event that causes property damage to an automobile or bodily injury to a person. The event may be an at-fault or not-at fault and it may be report or unreported. An accident involving two vehicles may be termed a collision. Accident report form - This is the report filed by police, often called the police report, containing the important information regarding the vehicle collision. This report will include the names of all individuals involved, vehicles involved, property damaged and citations that were issued. Adjuster - This is the person who will evaluate the actual loss reported on the policy after an accident or other incident. They will make the determination on how much will be paid on the auto insurance policy by the Insurer. Agent - This is a licensed and trained individual who is authorized to sell and to service insurance policies for the auto insurance company. At Fault - This is the amount that you, the policy holder, contributed or caused the auto collision. This determines which insurance agency pays which portion of the losses. Auto Insurance Score - This is a score similar to credit score that evaluates the information in your consumer credit report. These scores are used when determining pricing for your auto insurance policy. Negative marks on your credit report can increase your auto insurance premiums. The use of this information to determine policy pricing does vary from state to state. Automobile Insurance - This is a type of insurance policy that covers and protect against losses involving automobiles. Auto Insurance policies include a wide range of coverage's depending on the policy holders needs. Liability for property damage and bodily injury, uninsured motorist, medical payments, comprehensive, and collision are some of the common coverage's offered under an auto insurance policy. Binder - This is a temporary short-term policy agreement put in place while a formal permanent policy is put into place or delivered. Bodily Injury Liability - This is the section of an insurance policy that covers the cost to anyone you may injure. It can include lost wages and medical expenses. Broker - This is a licensed individual who on your behalf sells and services various insurance policies. Claim - This is a formal notice made to your insurance company that a loss has occurred which may be covered under the terms of the auto insurance policy. Claims Adjuster - This person employed by the insurance agency will investigate and settle all claims and losses. A representative for the insurance agency to verify and ensure all parties involved with the loss, get compensated fairly and correctly. Collision - The portion of the insurance policy that covers damage to your vehicle from hitting another object. Objects can include but are not limited to; another vehicle, a building, curbs, guard rail, tree, telephone pole or fence. A deductible will apply. Your insurance company will go after the other parties insurance policy for these cost should they be at fault. Commission - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that is paid to the insurance agent for selling and servicing the policy on behalf of the company. Comprehensive - This is a portion of the insurance policy that covers loss caused by anything other than a collision or running into another object. A deductible will apply. This includes but is not limited to vandalism, storm damage, fire, theft, etc. Covered loss - This is the damage to yourself, other people or property or your vehicle that is covered under the auto insurance policy. Declarations Page - This is the part of the insurance policy that includes the entire legal name of your insurance company, your full legal name, complete car information including vehicle identification numbers or VIN, policy information, policy number, deductible amounts. This page is usually the front page of the insurance policy. Deductible Amount - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that is the amount the policy holder must pay up front before the Insurance Company contributes and is required to pay any benefits. This amount can be within a wide range in price and varies from approximately $100 - $1000. The larger amount you pay in a deductible the lower your normal monthly/yearly policy will cost. 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If you are sued and taken to court, liability coverage will apply to your legal costs that you incur. Most states will require drivers to carry some variation of liability coverage Insurance and this amount will vary state by state. Limits - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that explains and lists the monetary limits the insurance company will pay out. In the situation you reach these limits the policy holder will be responsible for all other expenses. Medical Payments Coverage - This is the portion of an auto insurance policy that pays for medical expenses and lost wages to you and any passengers in your vehicle after an accident. It is also known as personal injury protection or PIP. Motor Vehicle Report - The motor vehicle report or MVR is a record issued by the state in which the policy holder resides in that will list the licensing status, any traffic violations, various suspensions and./ or refractions on your record. This is one of the tools used in determining the premium prices offered by the insurance agency. This is also used to determine the probability of you having a claim during your policy period. No-Fault Insurance - If you reside within a state with no-fault insurance laws and regulations, your auto insurance policy pays for your injuries no matter who caused the accident. No-fault insurance states include; Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Utah and Washington, DC.. Non-Renewal - This is the termination of an auto insurance policy on the given expiration date. All coverage will cease as of this date and insurer will be released of promised coverage. Personal Property Liability - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that covers any damage or loss you cause to another person's personal property. Personal Injury Protection or PIP - This portion of an auto insurance policy pays for any lost wages or medical expenses to you and any passengers in your vehicle following an accident. PIP is also known as medical payments coverage. Premium - This is the amount charged to you monthly, yearly or any other duration agreed upon by insurance company and policy holder and paid directly to the auto insurance company. A premium is based on the type and amount of coverage you choose for your vehicle(s) and yourself. Other factors that will affect your insurance premium prices include your age, marital status, you're driving and credit report, the type of car you drive and whether you live in an urban or rural area. Premiums vary by insurance company and the location you live. Quotation - This is the amount or estimated amount the insurance will cost based on the information provided to the agent, broker or auto insurance company. Rescission.- This is the cancellation of the insurance policy dated back to its effective date. This would result in the full premium that was charged being returned. Rental Reimbursement - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that covers the cost of an automobile rental of similar size should the covered vehicle be in repair from a reported incident. Replacement Cost - This is the amount of money it would cost to replace a lost or damaged item at it is actually new replacement value. This monetary amount would be based on a new identical item in the current local market. Salvage - This is the auto insurance policy holders property that is turned over tot eh insurance agency in a loss final settlement. Insurance companies will sell the salvage property in hopes to recoup some of its monetary loss due to the loss and settlement. Second Party - this is the actual insurance company in the auto insurance policy. Surcharge - This is the amount added to your auto insurance policy premium after a traffic violation or an accident in which you were found to be at fault. Third Party - This is another person other than the policy holder and auto insurance company who has faced a loss and may be able to collect and be compensated on behalf of the policy holder's negligence. Total Loss - This is complete destruction to the insured property of a policy holder. It has been determined that it would be a great sum of money to repair the item rather than replace the insured piece of property to its state prior to the loss. Towing Coverage - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that covers a specified amount for towing services and related labor costs. Under insured Driver - This is the portion of an auto insurance policy which covers injuries to you caused by a driver without enough insurance to pay for the medical expenses you have incurred from the accident. This is portion of the policy can vary state by state as some states include damage to the car in this section. Uninsured Driver or Motorist - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy which covers injuries to you caused by a driver who was without liability insurance at the time of the accident. Uninsured driver or motorist coverage comes in two different sections; uninsured motorist bodily injury and uninsured motorist property damage. Uninsured motorist bodily injury coverage covers the injuries to you or any passenger in your vehicle when there is an accident with an uninsured driver. Uninsured motorist property damage coverage covers the cost for the property damage to your vehicle when there is an accident with an identified uninsured driver. Uninsured driver or motorist coverage must be offered when you purchase the required liability coverage for your vehicle. You must sign a declination waiver if you decline Uninsured driver or motorist coverage. The majority of states require drivers to carry some form of uninsured motorist coverage. Some states include damages to your car in this coverage. Vehicle Identification Number or VIN - A VIN is a 17 letter and number combination that is the identification of the specific vehicle. It will identify the make, modem and year of the automobile. This number is typically located on the driver's side window on the dash. It can also be found on the vehicles registration and title