Soal Soal Pemrograman Jaringan

Soal Soal Pemrograman Jaringan

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Soal

  1. Jelaskan secara singkat apa yang anda ketahui tentang UDP
  2. Jelaskan perbedaan TCP dan UDP
  3. Berikan contoh aplikasi –aplikasi yang menggunakan protokol UDP, dan jelaskan bagaimana kerja aplikasi tersebut.
  4. Bagaimana konsep Client Server dalam jaringan komputer
  5. Jelaskan secara singkat apa yang anda ketahui tentang Protokol Transport.
  6. Dalam protokol transport terdapat dua protokol utama yaitu TCP and UDP, jelaskan perbedaan TCP dan UDP.
  7. Berikan contoh aplikasi –aplikasi yang menggunakan protokol TCP, dan jelaskan bagaimana kerja aplikasi tersebut.
  8. Jelaskan langkah dan prinsip kerja socket programming untuk komunikasi dua arah

Jawab 

1.      UDP (User Datagram Protocol) adalah protokol pada layer transport yang bersifat   conectionless. Artinya UDP tidak mementingkan bagaimana keadaan koneksi, jadi jika terjadi pengiriman data maka tidak dijamin sampai tidaknya. Pada UDP juga tidak ada pemecahan data,  oleh karena itu tidak dapat dilakukan pengiriman data dengan ukuran yang besar.
UDP memiliki empat header antara lain:
-Source Port/socket sumber
-Destination Port/ socket tujuan
-Length
-Checksum
2.      Perbedaan TCP dan UDP
Berbeda dengan TCP, UDP merupakan connectionless dan tidak ada keandalan, windowing, serta fungsi untuk memastikan data diterima dengan benar. Namun, UDP juga menyediakan fungsi yang sama dengan TCP, seperti transfer data dan multiplexing, tetapi ia melakukannya dengan byte tambahan yang lebih sedikit dalam header UDP.
UDP melakukan multiplexing UDP menggunakan cara yang sama seperti TCP. Satu-satunya perbedaan adalah transport protocol yang digunakan, yaitu UDP. Suatu aplikasi dapat membuka nomor port yang sama pada satu host, tetapi satu menggunakan TCP dan yang satu lagi menggunakan UDP—hal ini tidak biasa, tetapi diperbolehkan. Jika suatu layanan mendukung TCP dan UDP, ia menggunakan nilai yang sama untuk nomor port TCP dan UDP.
UDP mempunyai keuntungan dibandingkan TCP dengan tidak menggunakan field sequence dan acknowledgement. Keuntungan UDP yang paling jelas dari TCP adalah byte tambahan yang lebih sedikit. Di samping itu, UDP tidak perlu menunggu penerimaan atau menyimpan data dalam memory sampai data tersebut diterima. Ini berarti, aplikasi UDP tidak diperlambat oleh proses penerimaan dan memory dapat dibebaskan lebih cepat. Pada tabel, Anda dapat melihat fungsi yang dilakukan (atau tidak dilakukan) oleh UDP atau TCP.
3.      Contoh protokol aplikasi yang menggunakan UDP :
1.      DNS (Domain Name System) 53
Cara Kerja DNS (Domain Name System)
DNS menggunakan relasi client – server untuk resolusi nama. Pada saat client mencari satu host, maka ia akan mengirimkan query ke server DNS. Query adalah satu permintaan untuk resolusi nama yang dikirimkan ke server DNS.
a.       Pada komputer Client, sebuah program aplikasi misalnya http, meminta pemetaan IP Address (forward lookup query). Sebuah program aplikasi pada host yang mengakses domain system disebut sebagai resolver, resolver menghubungi DNS server, yang biasa disebut name server.
b.      Name server meng-cek ke local database, jika ditemukan, name server mengembalikan IP Address ke resolver jika tidak ditemukan akan meneruskan query tersebut ke name server root server.
c.       Terakhir barulah si client bisa secara langsung menghubungi sebuah website / server yang diminta dengan menggunakan IP Address yang diberikan oleh DNS server.
Secara sederhana cara kerja DNS bisa dilihat pada gambar berikut ini:
2.      SNMP, (Simple Network Management Protocol) 161, 162
Cara Kerja SNMP
Ketika jaringan komputer besar dan aktifitasnya juga besar, maka sangat diperlukan suatu manajemen jaringan. Untuk itu diperlukan SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), yaitu sebuah protokol standar yang didesain untuk membantu administrator dalam memonitor dan mengatur jaringan komputernya secara sistematis dari dalam satu kontrol saja.
3..      TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) 69
Cara Kerja TFTP:
File-transfer-protocol menggunakan TCP untuk mendapatkan komunikasi dalam jaringan yang dapat diandalkan. Jika jaringan sudah cukup dapat diandalkan, seperti umumnya pada jaringan LAN maka dapat dipergunakan file-transfer-protocol yang lebih sederhana, yaitu dapat digunakan user-datagram-protocol(UDP) untuk mendasari protocol transport (host-to-host). Sebagai contoh file-transfer-protocol yang menggunakan UDP adalah trivial-file-transfer-protocol (TFTP).
4.      SunRPC port 111.
4.      Konsep Client Server Pada Jaringan Komputer
Sesuai dengan namanya, Client-Server berarti adanya pembagian kerja pengolahan data antara client dan server . Saat ini, sebagian besar jaringan menggunakan model client/server.
Secara singkat, jaringan client/server adalah jaringan dimana komputer client bertugas melakukan permintaan data dan server bertugas melayani permintaan tersebut.
Komputer client menerima instruksi dari user melalui interface yang disediakan, merubah format instruksi ke bentuk yang dapat dimengerti oleh database server, dan mengirimkannya melalui jaringan ke server yang dituju. Server kemudian akan mengolah request, memilih informasi yang sesuai, dan mengirimkan kembali data hasil pengolahan ke client. Client kemudia mengolah data yang diterima untuk ditampilkan sebagai informasi yang berguna melalui interface yang tersedia.
 
Transaksi Client-Server
5.  Layanan transport pada Internet :
a.    reliable, pengiriman dalam suatu urutan dengan model unicast. Contoh : TCP
b.    unreliable, pengiriman tidak dalam suatu urutan dengan model unicast atau multicast. Contoh : UDP
Pada layanan transport, satuan data yang dipertukarkan disebut sebagai segment (TPDU yaitu Transprot Protocol Data Unit). Layanan transport menyediakan demultiplexing untuk dapat mengirimkan segment ke proses lapisan aplikasi yang sesuai berdasar alamat dan port proses tersebut. Selain itu juga melakukan multiplexing, yang akan mengambil data dari beberapa proses aplikasi, dan membungkus data dengan header. Multiplexing dan Demultiplexing di dasarkan pada pengirim dan nomor port serta alamat IP penerima.  Terdapat nomor port sumber dan tujuan pada tiap segment. Protokol transport digunakan untuk menyediakan komunikasi logika antar proses aplikasi yang berjalan pada host yang berbeda protokol transport berjalan pada end systems.
6.  Protokol TCP
TCP (Transmision Control Protocol) adalah protokol pada layer transport yang bersifat conection oriented, berfungsi untuk mengubah satu blok data yang besar menjadi segmen-segmen yang dinomori dan disusun secara berurutan.  Proses pembuatan koneksi TCP disebut juga dengan proses “Three-way Handshake“. Tujuan metode ini adalah agar dapat melakukan sinkronisasi terhadap nomor urut dan nomor acknowledgement yang dikirimkan oleh kedua pihak (pengirim dan penerima). Prosesnya antara lain:
  • Host pertama (yang ingin membuat koneksi) akan mengirimkan sebuah segmen TCP dengan flag SYN diaktifkan kepada host kedua (yang hendak diajak untuk berkomunikasi).
  • Host kedua akan meresponsnya dengan mengirimkan segmen dengan acknowledgment dan juga SYN kepada host pertama.
  • Host pertama selanjutnya akan mulai saling bertukar data dengan host kedua.
TCP menggunakan proses Handshake yang sama untuk mengakhiri koneksi yang dibuat, namun menggunakan flag FIN bukan SYN. Hal ini menjamin dua host yang sedang terkoneksi tersebut telah menyelesaikan proses transmisi data dan semua data yang ditransmisikan telah diterima dengan baik. Itulah sebabnya, mengapa TCP disebut dengan koneksi yang reliable.
Protokol UDP:
UDP ( User Datagram Protocol) adalah jenis transfer data yang lain dari TCP. UDP mempunyai karateristik connectionless (tidak berbasis koneksi). Dengan kata lain, data yang dikirimkan dalam bentuk packet tidak harus melakukan call setup seperti pada TCP. Selain itu, data dalam protokol UDP akan dikirimkan sebagai datagram tanpa adanya nomor identifier. Sehingga sangat besar sekali kemungkinan data sampai tidak berurutan dan sangat mungkin hilang/rusak dalam perjalananan dari host asal ke host tujuan. Tergantung pada host penerima/tujuan, apakah akan meminta kembali pakcet yang rusak atau hilang. Kelebihan UDP adalah pada saat digunakan pada lightweight protokol, misalnya saja DNS(Domain Name Service). Selain itu protokol UDP lebih fleksibel karena misalnya saja terjadi kemacetan pada salah satu bagian jaringan, maka datagram dapat dialihkan menghindari bagian yang mengalami kemacetan tersebut. Kemudian apabila sebuah simpul(node) mengalami kerusakan/kegagalan, maka pacekt packet berikutnya dapat menemukan jalan/rute pengganti yang melewati simpul tersebut.
7.    Contoh protokol aplikasi yang menggunakan TCP
a. TELNET, terminal interaktif untuk mengakses suatu remote pada internet.
       Cara kerja TELNET :
     Protokol TELNET dipakai untuk menyamai seperti terminal yang terkoneksi untukhost secara remote (berjauhan). Prinsip kerjanya menggunakan TCP sebagai protokol transport untuk mengirimkan informasi dari keyboard pada user menujuremote-host serta menampilkan informasi dari remote-hostke workstation pada user. Untuk menjalankan proses TELNET maka digunakan komponen TELNET untukclient yang dijalankan pada workstation(user) dan server TELNET yang dijalankan pada host.
b. FTP (File Transfer Protocol), transfer file berkecepatan tinggi antar disk.
      Cara Kerja FTP:
      FTP menggunakan protokol transport TCP untuk mengirimkan file. TCP dipakai sebagai protokol transport karena protokol ini memberikan garansi pengiriman dengan FTP yang dapat memungkinkan user mengakses file dan directory secara interaktif, diantaranya:
a. Melihat daftar file pada direktory remote dan lokal.
b.Menganti nama dan menghapus file
c.  Transfer file dari host remote ke lokal (download)
d.  Transfer file dari host lokal ke remote (upload)
c.  SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), sistem bersurat di internet
       Cara Kerja SMTP:
        SMTP mampu menangani pesan berupa teks kode ASCII yang akan dikirimkan kedalam kotak surat (mail-boxes) pada host TCP/IP yang telah ditentukan untuk melayani e-mail. Mekanisme SMTP: dimana user yang ingin mengirimkan e-mail berinteraksi denganmail-system lokal lewat komponen user agent (UA) pada mail-system. E-mail yang akan dikirim terlebih dahulu disimpan sementara dalam outgoing-mail-box, selanjutnya SMTP pengirim memproses e-mail pada yang dikumpulkan padaoutgoing-mail-box secara periodik. Jika pengirim SMTP menemukan e-mail padaoutging-mail-box, maka secara langsung akan membuat koneksi TCP dengan hostyang dituju untuk mengirimkan e-mail. Penerima SMTP dalam proses sebagai tujuan yang harus meneima koneksi TCP, selanjutnya e-mail dikirim pada koneksi ini. Pada penerima SMTP ini e-mail disimpan dalam host tujuan pada masing-masing mail-box sesuai dengan alamat tujuan. Jika mail-box dengan nama yang tidak sesuai dengan nama mail-box yang ada pada host tujuan, maka emaildikirim kembali yang menunjukkan mail-box tidak ada.
8.     Prinsip Kerja Socket Programming
a.       Antarmuka (interface) antara program aplikasi dengan protokol komunikasi pada suatu sistem operasi disebut Application Program Interface (API). API didefinisikan sebagai suatu kumpulan instruksi yang mendukung proses interaksi antara suatu perangkat lunak dengan suatu protokol yang digunakan.
b.      Pada mesin keluarga Linux, socket terintegrasi dengan I/O sehingga aplikasi yang berkomunikasi dengan socket, cara kerjanya sama dengan suatu aplikasi yang mengakses peralatan I/O. Oleh karena itu untuk memahami cara kerja socket pada Linux, sebelumnya harus juga memahami fasilitas I/O pada Linux.
c.      Pada saat suatu aplikasi berkomunikasi, awalnya aplikasi membuat socket baru, maka pada aplikasi tersebut akan diberikan nomer yang digunakan sebagai referensi socket. Jika ada suatu sistem yang menggunakan nomer referensi socket tersebut, maka akan terjalin suatu jaringan komunikasi antar komputer sebaik transfer data lokal.
 
d.      Untuk berkomunikasi dengan server, client harus tahu nomor IP server begitu juga server, nomor port yang dituju, nomor port menunjukkan service yang dijalankan. Contoh port23 untuk Telnet Server, port 25 untuk Mail Server dan port 80 untuk Web Server. Dalam hal ini aplikasi di client sudah mengetahui port yang akan dituju. Contoh program aplikasi di client yang meminta service di server ada;ah ftp, telnet, ssh. Untuk melihat service bisa dilihat pada file /etc/services.
e.       Program yang berjalan di server, akan berjalan sepanjang waktu (disebut sebagai daemon) sampai mesin/service dimatikan, menunggu request dari client sesuai service yang diminta.

 

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It's possible to trade profitably on the Forex, the nearly $2 trillion worldwide currency exchange market. But the odds are against you, even more so if you don't prepare and plan your trades. According to a 2014 Bloomberg report, several analyses of retail Forex trading, including one by the National Futures Association (NFA), the industry's regulatory body, concluded that more than two out of three Forex traders lose money. This suggests that self-education and caution are recommended. Here are some approaches that may improve your odds of taking a profit. Prepare Before You Begin Trading Because the Forex market is highly leveraged -- as much as 50 to 1 -- it can have the same appeal as buying a lottery ticket: some small chance of making a killing. This, however, isn't trading; it's gambling, with the odds long against you. A better way of entering the Forex market is to carefully prepare. Beginning with a practice account is helpful and risk-free. While you're trading in your practice account, read the most frequently recommended Forex trading books, among them Currency Forecasting: A Guide to Fundamental and Technical Models of Exchange Rate Determination, by Michael R. Rosenberg is short, not too sweet and highly admired introduction to the Forex market. Forex Strategies: Best Forex Strategies for High Profits and Reduced Risk, by Matthew Maybury is an excellent introduction to Forex trading. The Little Book of Currency Trading: How to Make Big Profits in the World of Forex, by Kathy Lien is another concise introduction that has stood the test of time. All three are available on Amazon. Rosenberg's book, unfortunately, is pricey, but it's widely available in public libraries. "Trading in the Zone: Master the Market with Confidence, Discipline and a Winning Attitude," by Mark Douglas is another good book that's available on Amazon, and, again, somewhat pricey, although the Kindle edition is not. Use the information gained from your reading to plan your trades before plunging in. The more you change your plan, the more you end up in trouble and the less likely that elusive forex profit will end up in your pocket. Diversify and Limit Your Risks Two strategies that belong in every trader's arsenal are: Diversification: Traders who execute many small traders, particularly in different markets where the correlation between markets is low, have a better chance of making a profit. Putting all your money in one big trade is always a bad idea. Familiarize yourself with ways guaranteeing a profit on an already profitable order, such as a trailing stop, and of limiting losses using stop and limit orders. These strategies and more are covered in the recommended books. Novice traders often make the mistake of concentrating on how to win; it's even more important to understand how to limit your losses. Be Patient Forex traders, particularly beginners, are prone to getting nervous if a trade does not go their way immediately, or if the trade goes into a little profit they get itchy to pull the plug and walk away with a small profit that could have been a significant profit with little downside risk using appropriate risk reduction strategies. In "On Any Given Sunday," Al Pacino reminds us that "football is a game of inches." That's a winning attitude in the Forex market as well. Remember that you are going to win some trades and lose others. Take satisfaction in the accumulation of a few more wins than losses. Over time, that could make you rich!
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