Pengertian dan Fungsi Mysql, Apache dan PHP

Pengertian dan Fungsi Mysql, Apache dan PHP

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Jika anda akan menginstall sebuah server seperti WEB Server, Mail Server, FTP Server, dan Proxy Server maka tidak lepas dari yang namanya Mysql, Apache, dan PHP.
Kali ini saya akan share mengenai Definisi dan fungsi dari Mysql, Apache, dan PHP.
Langsung saja pada penjelasannya.

A . Mysql

Mysql adalah sebuah server database open source yang terkenal yang digunakan berbagai aplikasi terutama untuk server atau membuat WEB. Mysql berfungsi sebagai SQL (Structured Query Language) yang dimiliki sendiri dan sudah diperluas oleh Mysql umumnya digunakan bersamaan dengan PHP untuk membuat aplikasi server yang dinamis dan powerfull.
Tidak sama dengan proyek-proyek seperti Apache, dimana perangkat lunak dikembangkan oleh komunitas umum, dan hak cipta untuk kode sumber dimiliki oleh penulisnya masing-masing, MySQL dimiliki dan disponsori oleh sebuah perusahaan komersial Swedia MySQL AB, dimana memegang hak cipta hampir atas semua kode sumbernya. Kedua orang Swedia dan satu orang Finlandia yang mendirikan MySQL AB tersebut adalah: David Axmark, Allan Larsson, dan Michael “Monty” Widenius.

MySQL adalah sebuah implementasi dari sistem manajemen basisdata relasional (RDBMS) yang didistribusikan secara gratis dibawah lisensi GPL (General Public License). Setiap pengguna dapat secara bebas menggunakan MySQL, namun dengan batasan perangkat lunak tersebut tidak boleh dijadikan produk turunan yang bersifat komersial. MySQL sebenarnya merupakan turunan salah satu konsep utama dalam basisdata yang telah ada sebelumnya; SQL(Structured Query Language). SQL adalah sebuah konsep pengoperasian basisdata, terutama untuk pemilihan atau seleksi dan pemasukan data, yang memungkinkan pengoperasian data dikerjakan dengan mudah secara otomatis.

Kehandalan suatu sistem basisdata (DBMS) dapat diketahui dari cara kerja pengoptimasi-nya dalam melakukan proses perintah-perintah SQL yang dibuat oleh pengguna maupun program-program aplikasi yang memanfaatkannya. Sebagai peladen basis data, MySQL mendukung operasi basisdata transaksional maupun operasi basisdata non-transaksional. Pada modus operasi non-transaksional, MySQL dapat dikatakan unggul dalam hal unjuk kerja dibandingkan perangkat lunak peladen basisdata kompetitor lainnya. Namun demikian pada modus non-transaksional tidak ada jaminan atas reliabilitas terhadap data yang tersimpan, karenanya modus non-transaksional hanya cocok untuk jenis aplikasi yang tidak membutuhkan reliabilitas data seperti aplikasi blogging berbasis web (wordpress), CMS, dan sejenisnya. Untuk kebutuhan sistem yang ditujukan untuk bisnis sangat disarankan untuk menggunakan modus basisdata transaksional, hanya saja sebagai konsekuensinya unjuk kerja MySQL pada modus transaksional tidak secepat unjuk kerja pada modus non-transaksional.
Keistimewaan MySQL

MySQL memiliki beberapa keistimewaan, antara lain :
  1. Portabilitas. MySQL dapat berjalan stabil pada berbagai sistem operasi seperti Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, Mac Os X Server, Solaris, Amiga, dan masih banyak lagi.
  2. Perangkat lunak sumber terbuka. MySQL didistribusikan sebagai perangkat lunak sumber terbuka, dibawah lisensi GPL sehingga dapat digunakan secara gratis.
  3. Multi-user. MySQL dapat digunakan oleh beberapa pengguna dalam waktu yang bersamaan tanpa mengalami masalah atau konflik.
  4. ‘Performance tuning’, MySQL memiliki kecepatan yang menakjubkan dalam menangani query sederhana, dengan kata lain dapat memproses lebih banyak SQL per satuan waktu.
  5. Ragam tipe data. MySQL memiliki ragam tipe data yang sangat kaya, seperti signed / unsigned integer, float, double, char, text, date, timestamp, dan lain-lain.
  6. Perintah dan Fungsi. MySQL memiliki operator dan fungsi secara penuh yang mendukung perintah Select dan Where dalam perintah (query).
  7. Keamanan. MySQL memiliki beberapa lapisan keamanan seperti level subnetmask, nama host, dan izin akses user dengan sistem perizinan yang mendetail serta sandi terenkripsi.
  8. Skalabilitas dan Pembatasan. MySQL mampu menangani basis data dalam skala besar, dengan jumlah rekaman (records) lebih dari 50 juta dan 60 ribu tabel serta 5 milyar baris. Selain itu batas indeks yang dapat ditampung mencapai 32 indeks pada tiap tabelnya.
  9. Konektivitas. MySQL dapat melakukan koneksi dengan klien menggunakan protokol TCP/IP, Unix soket (UNIX), atau Named Pipes (NT).
  10. Lokalisasi. MySQL dapat mendeteksi pesan kesalahan pada klien dengan menggunakan lebih dari dua puluh bahasa. Meski pun demikian, bahasa Indonesia belum termasuk di dalamnya.
  11. Antar Muka. MySQL memiliki antar muka (interface) terhadap berbagai aplikasi dan bahasa pemrograman dengan menggunakan fungsi API (Application Programming Interface).
  12. Klien dan Peralatan. MySQL dilengkapi dengan berbagai peralatan (tool)yang dapat digunakan untuk administrasi basis data, dan pada setiap peralatan yang ada disertakan petunjuk online.
  13.  Struktur tabel. MySQL memiliki struktur tabel yang lebih fleksibel dalam menangani ALTER TABLE, dibandingkan basis data lainnya semacam PostgreSQL ataupun Oracle.

B. Apache

Server HTTP Apache atau Server Web/WWW Apache adalah server web yang dapat dijalankan di banyak sistem operasi (Unix, BSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows dan Novell Netware serta platform lainnya) yang berguna untuk melayani dan memfungsikan situs web. Protokol yang digunakan untuk melayani fasilitas web/www ini mengunakan HTTP.
Apache memiliki fitur-fitur canggih seperti pesan kesalahan yang dapat dikonfigur, autentikasi berbasis basis data dan lain-lain. Apache juga didukung oleh sejumlah antarmuka pengguna berbasis grafik (GUI) yang memungkinkan penanganan server menjadi mudah.
Apache merupakan perangkat lunak sumber terbuka dikembangkan oleh komunitas terbuka yang terdiri dari pengembang-pengembang dibawah naungan Apache Software Foundation.
Bagaimana Apache ditemukan?
Pada awal mulanya, Apache merupakan perangkat lunak sumber terbuka yang menjadi alternatif dari server web Netscape (sekarang dikenal sebagai Sun Java System Web Server). Sejak April 1996 Apache menjadi server web terpopuler di internet. Pada Mei 1999, Apache digunakan di 57% dari semua web server di dunia. Pada November 2005 persentase ini naik menjadi 71%. (sumber: Netcraft Web Server Survey, November 2005).
Asal mula nama Apache berasal ketika sebuah server web populer yang dikembangkan pada awal 1995 yang bernama NCSA HTTPd 1.3 memiliki sejumlah perubahan besar terhadap kode sumbernya (patch). Saking banyaknya patch pada perangkat lunak tersebut sehingga disebut sebuah server yang memiliki banyak patch (“a patchy” server). Tetapi pada halaman FAQ situs web resminya, disebutkan bahwa “Apache” dipilih untuk menghormati suku asli Indian Amerika Apache , yang dikenal karena keahlian dan strategi perangnya. Versi 2 dari Apache ditulis dari awal tanpa mengandung kode sumber dari NCSA.
Bagaimana Penggunaan Apache?
Apache adalah komponen server web dari paket perangkat lunak LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Perl/bahasa pemrograman Python).
Karena berbagai keunggulan dan kelebihan yang dimiliki web server apache, server web ini menjadi sebuah web server yang paling populer dikalangan pengguna dengan berbagai kelebihan sebagai berikut :
1. Open Source, Free software
2. Apache dapat berjalan di beberapa sistem operasi (Unix, BSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows dan Novell Netware serta platform lainnya).
3. Apache memiliki fitur-fitur canggih seperti pesan kesalahan yang dapat dikonfigurasi, autentikasi berbasis basis data dan lain-lain. Apache juga didukung oleh sejumlah antarmuka pengguna berbasis grafik (GUI) yang memungkinkan penanganan server menjadi mudah.
4. Fleksibel, mudah settingnya (fleksibilitas untuk di setting dengan PHP dan MySQL).
5. Kehandalannnya telah teruji.

Kekurangan Apache
1. web server Apache tidak memiliki kemampuan mengatur load seperti IIS, sehingga akan terus mem-fork proses baru hingga nilai MaxClients tercapai atau hingga batas yang diizinkan oleh OS. Ini tentunya menguntungkan penyerang karena habisnya RAM akan lebih cepat tercapai.
2. Apache tidak memproses karakter kutip dalam string Referrer dan User-Agent yang dikirimkan oleh Client. Ini berarti Client dapat memformulasi inputnya secara hati-hati untuk merusak format baris log akses.
3. Terganggunya proses upload data, yang bisa menyebabkan software salah dalam menerjemahkan ukuran data yang masuk. Dengan celah tersebut, hacker dikabarkan dapat mengeksploitasi kerentanan dengan cara mengirimkan request pada server Apache bersangkutan. Versi yang cacat tersebut adalah seluruh generasi Apache 1.3 dan versi 2 hingga 2.0.36. Server yang diserang hacker memanfaatkan kelemahan ini akan mengalami DoS, alias server itu tak bisa diakses. Dalam sejumlah kasus, penyerangnya dapat menjalankan pilihan kodenya.

C. PHP

Apa sih yang dinamakan php itu? Mungkin masih banyak orang yang bertanya-tanya atau mungkin ada juga yang sudah mahir  dengan PHP itu sendiri.

PHP merupakan singkatan dari ” Hypertext Preprocessor”, PHP adalah sebuah bahasa scripting atau sering disebut bahasa pemrograman yang terpasang pada HTML. Sebagian besar sintaksnya  mirip dengan bahasa pemrograman  C, Java, asp dan Perl,  ditambah beberapa fungsi PHP yang spesifik dan mudah dimengerti. Sejarah PHP,  awalnya PHP merupakan kependekan dari Personal Home Page (situs personal) dan PHP itu sendiri pertama kali di buat oleh Rasmus Lerdorf pada tahun 1995, dan pada saat PHP masih bernama FI (Form Interpreter), yang wujudnya berupa sekumpulan sript yng digunakan untuk mengolah data form dari web dan selanjutnya Rasmus merilis kode sumber tersebut untuk umum dan menamakannya PHP.
Apa saja kegunaan PHP?
Kegunaan dari PHP adalah untuk membuat tampilan web menjadi lebih dinamis, dengan php kita bisa menampilkan atau menjalankan beberapa file dalam 1 file dengan cara di include atau require, dan php itu sendiri sudah bisa beriteraksi dengan beberapa  database walaupun dengan kelengkapan yang berbeda,  yaitu seperti :
  •     DBM,
  •     FilePro (Personic, Inc),
  •     Informix,
  •     Ingres,
  •     InterBase,
  •     Microsoft Access,
  •     MSSQL,
  •     MySQL,
  •     Oracle
  •     PostgrSQL,
  •     Sybase.
Bagaimana Cara Kerja PHP?
Cara keja PHP seperti gambar berikut :
 
Dalam cara kerja PHP, yaitu pertama client web browser atau pengguna memakai komputer kemudian pengguna tersebut menjalankan file PHP itu di web browser atau yang biasa di sebut Browser saja dan kemudian File PHP itu di kirim ke web server, Web server mengirimkannya lagike  Engine PHP  atau mesin PHP dan di dalam mesin PHP itu diproses dan setelah diproses oleh mesin PHP maka akan berbentuk file HTML, dan file HTML ini akan di kirimkan ke web server dan web server
akan memberikan ke pengguna
Software-software Yang  Digunakan
Software -software yang digunakan dalam menjalakan PHP ini yaitu TexEditor, Web Browser, Web Server, Software PHP dan Database
Untuk TextEditor kita bisa memakai notepad bawaannya Windows atau engga kita bisa juga menggunakan notepad++, TSPad, Dreamweaver atau yang lainnya…
Untuk Web Browser kita bisa menggunaka IE (Internet Explorer)  atauMozila Firefox atau yang lainnya…
Untuk Web Server Bagusnya kita memakai Apache
Untuk Software PHP sendiri kita bisa download di situs resminya di php.net
Dan untuk databasenya kita bisa menggunakan MySQL kunjungi situs resminya di mysql.com
Semoga bermanfaat. : )

sumber : http://zoyi.wordpress.com/2010/10/30/apa-itu-mysqlapache-dan-php/

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No car insurance resource would be complete without a comprehensive glossary of car insurance terms. We've compiled a list of terms and their definitions to better help you navigate the sometimes confusing world of insurance Accident - This is an unexpected sudden event that causes property damage to an automobile or bodily injury to a person. The event may be an at-fault or not-at fault and it may be report or unreported. An accident involving two vehicles may be termed a collision. Accident report form - This is the report filed by police, often called the police report, containing the important information regarding the vehicle collision. This report will include the names of all individuals involved, vehicles involved, property damaged and citations that were issued. Adjuster - This is the person who will evaluate the actual loss reported on the policy after an accident or other incident. They will make the determination on how much will be paid on the auto insurance policy by the Insurer. Agent - This is a licensed and trained individual who is authorized to sell and to service insurance policies for the auto insurance company. At Fault - This is the amount that you, the policy holder, contributed or caused the auto collision. This determines which insurance agency pays which portion of the losses. Auto Insurance Score - This is a score similar to credit score that evaluates the information in your consumer credit report. These scores are used when determining pricing for your auto insurance policy. Negative marks on your credit report can increase your auto insurance premiums. The use of this information to determine policy pricing does vary from state to state. Automobile Insurance - This is a type of insurance policy that covers and protect against losses involving automobiles. Auto Insurance policies include a wide range of coverage's depending on the policy holders needs. Liability for property damage and bodily injury, uninsured motorist, medical payments, comprehensive, and collision are some of the common coverage's offered under an auto insurance policy. Binder - This is a temporary short-term policy agreement put in place while a formal permanent policy is put into place or delivered. Bodily Injury Liability - This is the section of an insurance policy that covers the cost to anyone you may injure. It can include lost wages and medical expenses. Broker - This is a licensed individual who on your behalf sells and services various insurance policies. Claim - This is a formal notice made to your insurance company that a loss has occurred which may be covered under the terms of the auto insurance policy. Claims Adjuster - This person employed by the insurance agency will investigate and settle all claims and losses. A representative for the insurance agency to verify and ensure all parties involved with the loss, get compensated fairly and correctly. Collision - The portion of the insurance policy that covers damage to your vehicle from hitting another object. Objects can include but are not limited to; another vehicle, a building, curbs, guard rail, tree, telephone pole or fence. A deductible will apply. Your insurance company will go after the other parties insurance policy for these cost should they be at fault. Commission - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that is paid to the insurance agent for selling and servicing the policy on behalf of the company. Comprehensive - This is a portion of the insurance policy that covers loss caused by anything other than a collision or running into another object. A deductible will apply. This includes but is not limited to vandalism, storm damage, fire, theft, etc. Covered loss - This is the damage to yourself, other people or property or your vehicle that is covered under the auto insurance policy. Declarations Page - This is the part of the insurance policy that includes the entire legal name of your insurance company, your full legal name, complete car information including vehicle identification numbers or VIN, policy information, policy number, deductible amounts. This page is usually the front page of the insurance policy. Deductible Amount - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that is the amount the policy holder must pay up front before the Insurance Company contributes and is required to pay any benefits. This amount can be within a wide range in price and varies from approximately $100 - $1000. The larger amount you pay in a deductible the lower your normal monthly/yearly policy will cost. This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that would be applicable only to comprehensive or collision coverage. Discount - This is a reduction in the overall cost of your insurance policy. Deductions can be given for a variety of different reasons including a good driving record, grades, age, marital status, specific features and safety equipment on the automobile. Emergency Road Service - This is the part of an auto insurance policy that covers the cost of emergency services such as flat tires, keys locked in the car and towing services. Endorsement - This is any written change that is made to the auto insurance policy that is adding or removing coverage on the policy. Exclusion - This is the portion of the auto Insurance policy that includes any provision including people, places or things that are not covered under the insurance policy. First Party - This is the policyholder, the insured in an insurance policy. Gap Insurance - This is a type of auto insurance provided to people who lease or own a vehicle that is worth less than the amount of the loan. Gap auto Insurance will cover the amount between the actual cash value of the vehicle and the amount left on loan should the care be stolen or destroyed. High-Risk Driver - If you have a variety of negative marks on your insurance record including driving under the Influences, several traffic violations, etc. you may be labeled as a risk to the insurance company. This will increase your insurance policy or may make you ineligible for coverage. Insured - The policyholder (s) who are covered by the policy benefits in case of a loss or accident. Insurer - Is the Auto Insurance company who promises to pay the policy holder in case of loss or accident. Liability insurance - This part of an auto insurance policy which legally covers the damage and injuries you cause to other drivers and their vehicles when you are at fault in an accident. If you are sued and taken to court, liability coverage will apply to your legal costs that you incur. Most states will require drivers to carry some variation of liability coverage Insurance and this amount will vary state by state. Limits - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that explains and lists the monetary limits the insurance company will pay out. In the situation you reach these limits the policy holder will be responsible for all other expenses. Medical Payments Coverage - This is the portion of an auto insurance policy that pays for medical expenses and lost wages to you and any passengers in your vehicle after an accident. It is also known as personal injury protection or PIP. Motor Vehicle Report - The motor vehicle report or MVR is a record issued by the state in which the policy holder resides in that will list the licensing status, any traffic violations, various suspensions and./ or refractions on your record. This is one of the tools used in determining the premium prices offered by the insurance agency. This is also used to determine the probability of you having a claim during your policy period. No-Fault Insurance - If you reside within a state with no-fault insurance laws and regulations, your auto insurance policy pays for your injuries no matter who caused the accident. No-fault insurance states include; Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Utah and Washington, DC.. Non-Renewal - This is the termination of an auto insurance policy on the given expiration date. All coverage will cease as of this date and insurer will be released of promised coverage. Personal Property Liability - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that covers any damage or loss you cause to another person's personal property. Personal Injury Protection or PIP - This portion of an auto insurance policy pays for any lost wages or medical expenses to you and any passengers in your vehicle following an accident. PIP is also known as medical payments coverage. Premium - This is the amount charged to you monthly, yearly or any other duration agreed upon by insurance company and policy holder and paid directly to the auto insurance company. A premium is based on the type and amount of coverage you choose for your vehicle(s) and yourself. Other factors that will affect your insurance premium prices include your age, marital status, you're driving and credit report, the type of car you drive and whether you live in an urban or rural area. Premiums vary by insurance company and the location you live. Quotation - This is the amount or estimated amount the insurance will cost based on the information provided to the agent, broker or auto insurance company. Rescission.- This is the cancellation of the insurance policy dated back to its effective date. This would result in the full premium that was charged being returned. Rental Reimbursement - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that covers the cost of an automobile rental of similar size should the covered vehicle be in repair from a reported incident. Replacement Cost - This is the amount of money it would cost to replace a lost or damaged item at it is actually new replacement value. This monetary amount would be based on a new identical item in the current local market. Salvage - This is the auto insurance policy holders property that is turned over tot eh insurance agency in a loss final settlement. Insurance companies will sell the salvage property in hopes to recoup some of its monetary loss due to the loss and settlement. Second Party - this is the actual insurance company in the auto insurance policy. Surcharge - This is the amount added to your auto insurance policy premium after a traffic violation or an accident in which you were found to be at fault. Third Party - This is another person other than the policy holder and auto insurance company who has faced a loss and may be able to collect and be compensated on behalf of the policy holder's negligence. Total Loss - This is complete destruction to the insured property of a policy holder. It has been determined that it would be a great sum of money to repair the item rather than replace the insured piece of property to its state prior to the loss. Towing Coverage - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that covers a specified amount for towing services and related labor costs. Under insured Driver - This is the portion of an auto insurance policy which covers injuries to you caused by a driver without enough insurance to pay for the medical expenses you have incurred from the accident. This is portion of the policy can vary state by state as some states include damage to the car in this section. Uninsured Driver or Motorist - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy which covers injuries to you caused by a driver who was without liability insurance at the time of the accident. Uninsured driver or motorist coverage comes in two different sections; uninsured motorist bodily injury and uninsured motorist property damage. Uninsured motorist bodily injury coverage covers the injuries to you or any passenger in your vehicle when there is an accident with an uninsured driver. Uninsured motorist property damage coverage covers the cost for the property damage to your vehicle when there is an accident with an identified uninsured driver. Uninsured driver or motorist coverage must be offered when you purchase the required liability coverage for your vehicle. You must sign a declination waiver if you decline Uninsured driver or motorist coverage. The majority of states require drivers to carry some form of uninsured motorist coverage. Some states include damages to your car in this coverage. Vehicle Identification Number or VIN - A VIN is a 17 letter and number combination that is the identification of the specific vehicle. It will identify the make, modem and year of the automobile. This number is typically located on the driver's side window on the dash. It can also be found on the vehicles registration and title