Segala Informasi Internet dan Pemrograman Softskill Tugas Tulisan Tugas 3 Pengantar Komputasi Modern ( Softskill)

Tugas 3 Pengantar Komputasi Modern ( Softskill)

Admin

TEKNIK PENGOLAHAN DATA

1. Pengertian Data

Data adalah catatan atas kumpulan fakta. Data merupakan bentuk jamak dari datum, berasal dari bahasa latin yang berarti “sesuatu yang diberikan”. Dalam penggunaan sehari-hari data berarti suatu pernyataan yang diterima secara apa adanya. Pernyataan ini adalah hasil pengukuran atau pengamatan suatu variabel yang bentuknya dapat berupa angka, kata-kata, atau citra.

Dalam keilmuan (ilmiah), fakta dikumpulkan untuk menjadi data. Data kemudian diolah sehingga dapat diutarakan secara jelas dan tepat sehingga dapat dimengerti oleh orang lain yang tidak langsung mengalaminya sendiri, hal ini dinamakan deskripsi. Pemilahan banyak data sesuai dengan persamaan atau perbedaan yang terkandung dinamakan klasifikasi.

Dalam pokok bahasan manajemen pengetahuan data dicirikan sebagai sesuatu yang bersifat mentah dan tidak memiliki konteks. Dia sekedar ada dan tidak memiliki signifikansi makna di luar keberadaannya itu. Dia bisa muncul dalam berbagai bentuk, terlepas dari apakah dia bisa dimanfaatkan atau tidak.

Menurut berbagai sumber lain, data dapat juga didefinisikan sebagai berikut:

· Menurut kamus bahasa inggris-indonesia, data berasal dari kata datum yang berarti fakta

· Dari sudut pandang bisnis, data bisnis adalah deskripsi organisasi tentang sesuatu (resources) dan kejadian (transactions)yang terjadi

· Pengertian yang lain menyebutkan bahwa data adalah deskripsi dari suatu kejadian yang kita hadapi

Intinya data itu adalah suatu fakta-fakta tertentu sehingga menghasilkan suatu kesimpulan dalam menarik suatu keputusan

2. Pengertian Pengolahan Data

Pengolahan data merupakan bagian yang amat penting dalam metode ilmiah, karena dengan pengolahan data, data tersebut dapat diberi arti dan makna yang berguna dalam memecahkan masalah penelitian. Data mentah yang telah dikumpulkan perlu dipecah-pecahkan dalam kelompok-kelompok, diadakan kategorisasi, dilakukan manipulasi serta diperas sedemikian rupa sehingga data tersebut mempunyai makna untuk menjawab masalah dan bermanfaat untuk menguji hipotesa atau pertanyaan penelitian.

Mengadakan manipulasi terhadap data mentah berarti mengubah data mentah tersebut dari bentuk awalnya menjadi suatu bentuk yang dapat dengan mudah memperlihatkan hubungan-hubungan antara fenomena. Beberapa tingkatan kegiatan perlu dilakukan, antara lain memeriksa data mentah, sekali lagi, membuatnya dalam bentuk tabel yang berguna, baik secara manual ataupun dengan menggunakan komputer.

Setelah data disusun dalam kelompok-kelompok serta hubungan-hubungan yang terjadi dianalisa, perlu pula dibuat penafsiran-penafsiran terhadap hubungan antara fenomena yang terjadi dan membandingkannya dengan fenomena-fenomena lain di luar penelitian tersebut. Berdasarkan pengolahan data tersebut, perlu dianalisis dan dilakukan penarikan kesimpulan hasil penelitian.

Pengolahan data secara sederhana diartikan sebagai proses mengartikan data-data lapangan sesuai dengan tujuan, rancangan, dan sifat penelitian. Misalnya dalam rancangan penelitian kuantitatif, maka angka-angka yang diperoleh melalui alat pengumpul data tersebut harus diolah secara kuantitatif, baik melalui pengolahan statistik inferensial maupun statistik deskriptif. Lain halnya dalam rancangan penelitian kualitatif, maka pengolahan data menggunakan teknik non statitistik, mengingat data-data lapangan diperoleh dalam bentuk narasi atau kata-kata, bukan angka-angka. Mengingat data lapangan disajikan dalam bentuk narasi kata-kata, maka pengolahan datanya tidak bisa dikuantifikasikan. Perbedaan ini harus dipahami oleh peneliti atau siapapun yang melakukan penelitian, sehingga penyajian data dan analisis kesimpulan penelitian relevan dengan sifat atau jenis data dan prosedur pengolahan data yang akan digunakan. Di atas dikatakan bahwa pengolahan data diartikan sebagai proses mengartikan data lapangan, yang berarti supaya data lapangan yang diperoleh melalui alat pengumpul data dapat dimaknai, baik secara kuantitatif maupun kualitatif, sehingga proses penarikan kesimpulan penelitian dapat dilaksanakan. Dengan demikian, pengolahan data tersebut dalam kaitannya dengan praktek pendidikan adalah sebagai upaya untuk memaknai data atau fakta menjadi makna.

Makna penelitian yang diperoleh dalam pengolahan data, tidak sampai menjawab pada analisis “kemengapaan” tentang makna-makna yang diperoleh. Misalnya dalam rancanganpenelitian kuantitatif, maka angka-angka yang diperoleh melalui alat pengumpul data tersebut harus diolah secara kuantitatif, baik melalui pengolahan statistik inferensial maupun statistik deskriptif.

3. Jenis data

Data menurut jenisnya ada dua yaitu data kualitatif dan data kuantitatif sebagai berikut:
a. Data kualitatif

Data yang berhubungan dengan kategorisasi, karakteristik berwujud pertanyaan atau berupa kata-kata. Contonya wanita itu cantik, pria itu tampan, baik, buruk, rumah itu besar dan sebagainya. Data ini biasanya didapat dari wawancara yang bersifat subyektif sebab data tersebut ditapsirkan lain oleh orang yang berbeda. Data kualitatif dapat diangkakan dalam bentuk ordinal atau rangking.

b. Data kuantitatif

Data yang berwujud angka-angka. Contohnya ; yang diterima menjadi PNS 150 orang, penghasilan klinik bersalin 1 milyar/ bulan. Data ini diperoleh dari pengukuran langsung maupun dari angka-angka yang diperoleh dengan mengubah data kualitatif menjadi data kuantitatif. Data kuantitatif bersifat objektif dan bisa ditafsirkan oleh semua orang.

4. Langkah-langkah pengolahan data

a. Penyusunan data

Data yang sudah ada perlu dikumpulkan semua agar mudah untuk mengecek apakah semua data yang dibutuhkan sudah terekap semua. Kegiatan ini dimaksudkan untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian. Penyusunan data harus dipilih data yang ada hubungannya dengan penelitian, dan benar-benar otentik. Adapun data yang diambil melalui wawancara harus dipisahkan antara pendapat responden dan pendapat interviwer.

b. Klasifikasi data

Klasifikasi data merupakan usaha menggolongkan, mengelompokkan, dan memilah data berdasarkan pada klasifikasi tertentu yang telah dibuat dan ditentukan oleh peneliti. Keuntungan klasifikasi data ini adalah untuk memudahkan pengujian hipotesis.

c. Pengolahan data

Pengolahan data dilakukan untuk menguji hipotesis yang telah dirumuskan. Hipotesis yang akan diuji harus berkaitan dan berhubungan dengan permasalahan yang akan diajukan. Semua jenis penelitian tidak harus berhipotesis akan tetapi semua jenis penelitian wajib merumuskan masalahnya, sedangkan penelitian yang menggunakan hipotesis adalah metode eksperimen. Jenis data akan menentukan apakah peneliti akan menggunakan teknik kualitatif atau kuantitatif. Data kualitatif diolah dengan menggunakan teknik statistika baik statistika non parametrik maupun statistika parametrik. Statistika non parametrik tidak menguji parameter populasi akan tetapi yang diuji adalah distribusi yang menggunakan asumsi bahwa data yang akan dianalisis tidak terikat dengan adanya distribusi normal atau tidak harus berdistribusi normal dan data yang banyak digunakan untuk statistika non parametrik adalah data nominal atau data ordinal.

d. Interpretasi hasil pengolahan data

Tahap ini menerangkan setelah peneliti menyelesaikan analisis datanya dengan cermat. Kemudian langkah selanjutnya peneliti menginterpretasikan hasil analisis akhirnya peneliti menarik suatu kesimpulan yang berisikan intisari dari seluruh rangkaian kegiatan penelitian dan membuat rekomendasinya. Menginterpretasikan hasil analisis perlu diperhatikan hal-hal antara lain: interpretasi tidak melenceng dari hasil analisis, interpretasi harus masih dalam batas kerangka penelitian, dan secara etis peneliti rela mengemukakan kesulitan dan hambatan-hambatan sewaktu dalam penelitian.

5. Pengolahan Data Penelitian Secara Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif

a. Pengolahan Data Kualitatif

Pengolahan data kualitatif dalam penelitian akan melalui tiga kegiatan analisis yakni sebagai berikut.

1) Reduksi Data

Reduksi data dapat diartikan sebagai suatu proses pemilihan data, pemusatan perhatian pada penyederhanaan data, pengabstrakan data, dan transformasi data kasar yang muncul dari catatan-catatan tertulis di lapangan. Dalam kegiatan reduksi data dilakukan pemilahan-pemilahan tentang: bagian data yang perlu diberi kode, bagian data yang harus dibuang, dan pola yang harus dilakukan peringkasan. Jadi dalam kegiatan reduksi data dilakukan: penajaman data, penggolongan data, pengarahan data, pembuangan data yang tidak perlu, pengorganisasian data untuk bahan menarik kesimpulan. Kegiatan reduksi data ini dapat dilakukan melalui: seleksi data yang ketat, pembuatan ringkasan, dan menggolongkan data menjadi suatu pola yang lebih luas dan mudah dipahami.

2) Penyajian Data

Penyajian data dapat dijadikan sebagai kumpulan informasi yang tersusun sehingga memberikan kemungkinan adanya penarikan kesimpulan dan pengambilan tindakan. Penyajian yang sering digunakan adalah dalam bentuk naratif, bentuk matriks, grafik, dan bagan.

3) Menarik Kesimpulan/Verifikasi

Sejak langkah awal dalam pengumpulan data, peneliti sudah mulai mencari arti tentang segala hal yang telah dicatat atau disusun menjadi suatu konfigurasi tertentu. Pengolahan data kualitatif tidak akan menarik kesimpulan secara tergesa-gesa, tetapi secara bertahap dengan tetap memperhatikan perkembangan perolehan data.

b. Pengolahan Data Kuantitatif

1) Mengelompokkan Data

Ada dua jenis data, yaitu data kualitatif dan data kuantitatif. Data kualitatif tidak memerlukan perhitungan matematis. Sebaliknya, data kuantitatif memerlukan adanya perhitungan secara matematis. Oleh sebab itu, data kuantitatif perlu diolah dan dianalisis antara lain dengan statistik. Untuk mengolah dan menganalisis data, ada dua macam statistik, yaitu statistik deskriptif dan statistik inferensial. Statistik deskriptif digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan variabel penelitian melalui pengukuran. Statistik inferensial digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis dan membuat generalisasi.

2) Kegiatan Awal dalam Mengelompokkan Data

Agar data dapat dikelompokkan secara baik, perlu dilakukan kegiatan awal sebagai berikut.

(a) Editing, yaitu proses memeriksa data yang sudah terkumpul, meliputi kelengkapan isian, keterbacaan tulisan, kejelasan jawaban, relevansi jawaban, keseragaman satuan data yang digunakan, dan sebagainya.

(b) Coding, yaitu kegiatan memberikan kode pada setiap data yang terkumpul di setiap instrumen penelitian. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk memudahkan dalam penganalisisan dan penafsiran data.

3) Pengolahan Statistik Sederhana

Pengolahan statistik adalah cara mengolah data kuantitatif sehingga data mempunyai arti. Biasanya pengolahan data dilakukan dengan beberapa macam teknik, misalnya distribusi frekuensi (sebaran frekuensi) dan ukuran memusat (mean, median, modus).

EmoticonEmoticon

It's possible to trade profitably on the Forex, the nearly $2 trillion worldwide currency exchange market. But the odds are against you, even more so if you don't prepare and plan your trades. According to a 2014 Bloomberg report, several analyses of retail Forex trading, including one by the National Futures Association (NFA), the industry's regulatory body, concluded that more than two out of three Forex traders lose money. This suggests that self-education and caution are recommended. Here are some approaches that may improve your odds of taking a profit. Prepare Before You Begin Trading Because the Forex market is highly leveraged -- as much as 50 to 1 -- it can have the same appeal as buying a lottery ticket: some small chance of making a killing. This, however, isn't trading; it's gambling, with the odds long against you. A better way of entering the Forex market is to carefully prepare. Beginning with a practice account is helpful and risk-free. While you're trading in your practice account, read the most frequently recommended Forex trading books, among them Currency Forecasting: A Guide to Fundamental and Technical Models of Exchange Rate Determination, by Michael R. Rosenberg is short, not too sweet and highly admired introduction to the Forex market. Forex Strategies: Best Forex Strategies for High Profits and Reduced Risk, by Matthew Maybury is an excellent introduction to Forex trading. The Little Book of Currency Trading: How to Make Big Profits in the World of Forex, by Kathy Lien is another concise introduction that has stood the test of time. All three are available on Amazon. Rosenberg's book, unfortunately, is pricey, but it's widely available in public libraries. "Trading in the Zone: Master the Market with Confidence, Discipline and a Winning Attitude," by Mark Douglas is another good book that's available on Amazon, and, again, somewhat pricey, although the Kindle edition is not. Use the information gained from your reading to plan your trades before plunging in. The more you change your plan, the more you end up in trouble and the less likely that elusive forex profit will end up in your pocket. Diversify and Limit Your Risks Two strategies that belong in every trader's arsenal are: Diversification: Traders who execute many small traders, particularly in different markets where the correlation between markets is low, have a better chance of making a profit. Putting all your money in one big trade is always a bad idea. Familiarize yourself with ways guaranteeing a profit on an already profitable order, such as a trailing stop, and of limiting losses using stop and limit orders. These strategies and more are covered in the recommended books. Novice traders often make the mistake of concentrating on how to win; it's even more important to understand how to limit your losses. Be Patient Forex traders, particularly beginners, are prone to getting nervous if a trade does not go their way immediately, or if the trade goes into a little profit they get itchy to pull the plug and walk away with a small profit that could have been a significant profit with little downside risk using appropriate risk reduction strategies. In "On Any Given Sunday," Al Pacino reminds us that "football is a game of inches." That's a winning attitude in the Forex market as well. Remember that you are going to win some trades and lose others. Take satisfaction in the accumulation of a few more wins than losses. Over time, that could make you rich!

No car insurance resource would be complete without a comprehensive glossary of car insurance terms. We've compiled a list of terms and their definitions to better help you navigate the sometimes confusing world of insurance Accident - This is an unexpected sudden event that causes property damage to an automobile or bodily injury to a person. The event may be an at-fault or not-at fault and it may be report or unreported. An accident involving two vehicles may be termed a collision. Accident report form - This is the report filed by police, often called the police report, containing the important information regarding the vehicle collision. This report will include the names of all individuals involved, vehicles involved, property damaged and citations that were issued. Adjuster - This is the person who will evaluate the actual loss reported on the policy after an accident or other incident. They will make the determination on how much will be paid on the auto insurance policy by the Insurer. Agent - This is a licensed and trained individual who is authorized to sell and to service insurance policies for the auto insurance company. At Fault - This is the amount that you, the policy holder, contributed or caused the auto collision. This determines which insurance agency pays which portion of the losses. Auto Insurance Score - This is a score similar to credit score that evaluates the information in your consumer credit report. These scores are used when determining pricing for your auto insurance policy. Negative marks on your credit report can increase your auto insurance premiums. The use of this information to determine policy pricing does vary from state to state. Automobile Insurance - This is a type of insurance policy that covers and protect against losses involving automobiles. Auto Insurance policies include a wide range of coverage's depending on the policy holders needs. Liability for property damage and bodily injury, uninsured motorist, medical payments, comprehensive, and collision are some of the common coverage's offered under an auto insurance policy. Binder - This is a temporary short-term policy agreement put in place while a formal permanent policy is put into place or delivered. Bodily Injury Liability - This is the section of an insurance policy that covers the cost to anyone you may injure. It can include lost wages and medical expenses. Broker - This is a licensed individual who on your behalf sells and services various insurance policies. Claim - This is a formal notice made to your insurance company that a loss has occurred which may be covered under the terms of the auto insurance policy. Claims Adjuster - This person employed by the insurance agency will investigate and settle all claims and losses. A representative for the insurance agency to verify and ensure all parties involved with the loss, get compensated fairly and correctly. Collision - The portion of the insurance policy that covers damage to your vehicle from hitting another object. Objects can include but are not limited to; another vehicle, a building, curbs, guard rail, tree, telephone pole or fence. A deductible will apply. Your insurance company will go after the other parties insurance policy for these cost should they be at fault. Commission - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that is paid to the insurance agent for selling and servicing the policy on behalf of the company. Comprehensive - This is a portion of the insurance policy that covers loss caused by anything other than a collision or running into another object. A deductible will apply. This includes but is not limited to vandalism, storm damage, fire, theft, etc. Covered loss - This is the damage to yourself, other people or property or your vehicle that is covered under the auto insurance policy. Declarations Page - This is the part of the insurance policy that includes the entire legal name of your insurance company, your full legal name, complete car information including vehicle identification numbers or VIN, policy information, policy number, deductible amounts. This page is usually the front page of the insurance policy. Deductible Amount - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that is the amount the policy holder must pay up front before the Insurance Company contributes and is required to pay any benefits. This amount can be within a wide range in price and varies from approximately $100 - $1000. The larger amount you pay in a deductible the lower your normal monthly/yearly policy will cost. This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that would be applicable only to comprehensive or collision coverage. Discount - This is a reduction in the overall cost of your insurance policy. Deductions can be given for a variety of different reasons including a good driving record, grades, age, marital status, specific features and safety equipment on the automobile. Emergency Road Service - This is the part of an auto insurance policy that covers the cost of emergency services such as flat tires, keys locked in the car and towing services. Endorsement - This is any written change that is made to the auto insurance policy that is adding or removing coverage on the policy. Exclusion - This is the portion of the auto Insurance policy that includes any provision including people, places or things that are not covered under the insurance policy. First Party - This is the policyholder, the insured in an insurance policy. Gap Insurance - This is a type of auto insurance provided to people who lease or own a vehicle that is worth less than the amount of the loan. Gap auto Insurance will cover the amount between the actual cash value of the vehicle and the amount left on loan should the care be stolen or destroyed. High-Risk Driver - If you have a variety of negative marks on your insurance record including driving under the Influences, several traffic violations, etc. you may be labeled as a risk to the insurance company. This will increase your insurance policy or may make you ineligible for coverage. Insured - The policyholder (s) who are covered by the policy benefits in case of a loss or accident. Insurer - Is the Auto Insurance company who promises to pay the policy holder in case of loss or accident. Liability insurance - This part of an auto insurance policy which legally covers the damage and injuries you cause to other drivers and their vehicles when you are at fault in an accident. If you are sued and taken to court, liability coverage will apply to your legal costs that you incur. Most states will require drivers to carry some variation of liability coverage Insurance and this amount will vary state by state. Limits - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that explains and lists the monetary limits the insurance company will pay out. In the situation you reach these limits the policy holder will be responsible for all other expenses. Medical Payments Coverage - This is the portion of an auto insurance policy that pays for medical expenses and lost wages to you and any passengers in your vehicle after an accident. It is also known as personal injury protection or PIP. Motor Vehicle Report - The motor vehicle report or MVR is a record issued by the state in which the policy holder resides in that will list the licensing status, any traffic violations, various suspensions and./ or refractions on your record. This is one of the tools used in determining the premium prices offered by the insurance agency. This is also used to determine the probability of you having a claim during your policy period. No-Fault Insurance - If you reside within a state with no-fault insurance laws and regulations, your auto insurance policy pays for your injuries no matter who caused the accident. No-fault insurance states include; Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Utah and Washington, DC.. Non-Renewal - This is the termination of an auto insurance policy on the given expiration date. All coverage will cease as of this date and insurer will be released of promised coverage. Personal Property Liability - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that covers any damage or loss you cause to another person's personal property. Personal Injury Protection or PIP - This portion of an auto insurance policy pays for any lost wages or medical expenses to you and any passengers in your vehicle following an accident. PIP is also known as medical payments coverage. Premium - This is the amount charged to you monthly, yearly or any other duration agreed upon by insurance company and policy holder and paid directly to the auto insurance company. A premium is based on the type and amount of coverage you choose for your vehicle(s) and yourself. Other factors that will affect your insurance premium prices include your age, marital status, you're driving and credit report, the type of car you drive and whether you live in an urban or rural area. Premiums vary by insurance company and the location you live. Quotation - This is the amount or estimated amount the insurance will cost based on the information provided to the agent, broker or auto insurance company. Rescission.- This is the cancellation of the insurance policy dated back to its effective date. This would result in the full premium that was charged being returned. Rental Reimbursement - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that covers the cost of an automobile rental of similar size should the covered vehicle be in repair from a reported incident. Replacement Cost - This is the amount of money it would cost to replace a lost or damaged item at it is actually new replacement value. This monetary amount would be based on a new identical item in the current local market. Salvage - This is the auto insurance policy holders property that is turned over tot eh insurance agency in a loss final settlement. Insurance companies will sell the salvage property in hopes to recoup some of its monetary loss due to the loss and settlement. Second Party - this is the actual insurance company in the auto insurance policy. Surcharge - This is the amount added to your auto insurance policy premium after a traffic violation or an accident in which you were found to be at fault. Third Party - This is another person other than the policy holder and auto insurance company who has faced a loss and may be able to collect and be compensated on behalf of the policy holder's negligence. Total Loss - This is complete destruction to the insured property of a policy holder. It has been determined that it would be a great sum of money to repair the item rather than replace the insured piece of property to its state prior to the loss. Towing Coverage - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy that covers a specified amount for towing services and related labor costs. Under insured Driver - This is the portion of an auto insurance policy which covers injuries to you caused by a driver without enough insurance to pay for the medical expenses you have incurred from the accident. This is portion of the policy can vary state by state as some states include damage to the car in this section. Uninsured Driver or Motorist - This is the portion of the auto insurance policy which covers injuries to you caused by a driver who was without liability insurance at the time of the accident. Uninsured driver or motorist coverage comes in two different sections; uninsured motorist bodily injury and uninsured motorist property damage. Uninsured motorist bodily injury coverage covers the injuries to you or any passenger in your vehicle when there is an accident with an uninsured driver. Uninsured motorist property damage coverage covers the cost for the property damage to your vehicle when there is an accident with an identified uninsured driver. Uninsured driver or motorist coverage must be offered when you purchase the required liability coverage for your vehicle. You must sign a declination waiver if you decline Uninsured driver or motorist coverage. The majority of states require drivers to carry some form of uninsured motorist coverage. Some states include damages to your car in this coverage. Vehicle Identification Number or VIN - A VIN is a 17 letter and number combination that is the identification of the specific vehicle. It will identify the make, modem and year of the automobile. This number is typically located on the driver's side window on the dash. It can also be found on the vehicles registration and title

Segala Informasi Internet dan Pemrograman