Tugas IBD 2 Manusia dan Kebudayaan

Tugas IBD 2 Manusia dan Kebudayaan

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Manusia dan Kebudayaan


Manusia dan kebudayaan merupakan dua hal yang sangat erat terkait satu sama lain. Dalam pambahasan awal mengenai mata kuliah IBD kita sudah bicarakan bahwa kedua hal tersebut merupakan dasar bagi pembahasan materi materi selanjutnya. Dalam uraian ini kita akan mencoba membahas tentang pengertian pengertian dasar tentang manusia dan kebudayaan uraian ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan dasar yang lebih kuat untuk pembahasan tentang materi IBD ini.

A. MANUSIA
Manusia dapat dipandang dari beberapa segi ilmu dan tentunya mempunyai peranan yang unik dalam dunia ini.Pendefinisian manusia adalah sebagai berikut :
A.Dalam ilmu eksakta,Contohnya :
1.(Ilmu kimia): Dalam ilmu eksakata, manusia dipandang sebagai kumpulan dari partikel-partikel atom yang membentuk jaringan-jaringan system yang dimiliki oleh manusia.
2.(Ilmu Fisika): Manusia merupakan kumpulan dari berbagai system fisik yang saling terkait satu sama lain dan merupakan kumpulan dari energi.
3.(Ilmu Biologi): Manusia merupakan mahluk biologis yang tergolong dalam golngan mamalia.
Selain itu dalam ilmu social juga manusia mempunyai pendefinisian yang tak kalah,yaitu:
4.(Ilmu Ekonomi): Dalam ilmu-ilmu social,manusia merupakan mahluk yang ingin memperoleh keuntungan atau selalu memperhitungkan setiap kegiatan,sering disebut homo economicus.
5.(Ilmu Sosiologi):Manusia merupakan mahluk social yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri.
6.(Ilmu Politik):Mahluk yang selalu ingin mempunyai kekuasaan.
7.(Ilmu Filsafat):Mahluk yang berbudaya sering disebut homo-humanus.
Ada dua pandangan yang akan kita jadikan acuan dalam menjelaskan unsur-unsur yang membangun manusia
1. Manusia itu terdiri dari empat unsur yang saling terkait ,yaitu :
a. Jasad , yaitu : Badan kasar manusia yang nampak pada luarnya ,dapat diraba dan difoto ,dan menempati ruang dan waktu
b. Hayat , yaitu : mengandung unsure hidup ,yang ditandai dengan gerak
c. Ruh ,yaitu : bimbingan dari pimpinan tuhan ,daya yang bekerja secara spiritual dan memahami kebenaran ,serta mempunyai kemampuan mencipta yang bersifat konseptional yang menjadi pusat lahirnya kebudayaan
d. nafas ,yaitu : dalam pengertian diri atau pengakuan ,yaitu kesadaran akan diri sendiri
2. Manusia sebagai satu kepribadian yangmengandung 3 unsur ,yaitu :
a. ID ,yaitu struktur kepribadian yang sangat primitive
b. EGO merupakan bagian atau struktur kepribadian yang pertama kali dibedakan
id ,seringkali disebut sebagai kepribafian ekskutif karena peranannya dalam
menghubungkan energi idkedalam saluran social yang dapatdimengerti oleh
orang lain .
c. SUPEREGO,merupakan struktur kepribaian yang paling akhir kira kira muncul
pada usia 5 tahun,,,superego terbentuk dari lingkunagan eksternal

B. HAKEKAT MANUSIA
A. Makhluk ciptaan Tuhan yang terdiri dari tubuh dan jiwa sebagai satu kesatuan yang utuh
Tubuh adalah materi yang dapat dilihat, diraba ,dirasa wujudnya konkrit tapi tak abadi ,tubuh akan hancur ketika kita sudah meninggal dan dikubur. Sedangkan jiwa tidak dapat dirasa, tidak dapat diraba ,dan dilihat ,sifatnya abstrak tapi abadi ketika kita sudah meninggal.
B. Makhluk ciptaan Tuhan yang paling sempurna ,jika dibandingkan dengan makhluk lainnya
Kesempurnaan terletak kepada adat dan budayanya ,karena manusia dilengkapi oleh peciptanya dengan akal , perasaan ,dan kehendak yang terdapat dalam jiwa manusia .Dengan akal ratio manusia bisa menciptakan IPTEK.
Daya rasa dala diri manusia itu ada 2 macam:
Perasaan Inderawi adalah rangsangan jasmani melalui pancaindra,tingkatanya rendah dan terdapat pada manusia atau inatang.
Perasaan Rohani adalah perasan luhur yang hanya terdapat pada manusia,Misal:
1)Perasaan intelektual: Perasaan yang berkenaan dengan pengetahuan.
2)Perasaan estetis: Perasaaan yang berkenan dengan keindahan
3)Perasaan etis: Perasaan yang berkenaan dengan kebaikan
4)Perasaaan diri: Perassan yang berkenan dengan harga diri karena ada kelebihan dari yang lain
5)Perasaan sosial: Perasaan yng berkenan dengan kelompo atau korp atau hidup bermasyarakat, ikut merasakan kehidupan orang lain.
6)Perasaaan Religius: Perasaan yan berkenaan dengan agama atau kepercayaan
-Mahluk Biokultural,yaitu mahluk hayati yang budayawi
-Manusia adalah produk dari saling tindak atau interaksi factor-faktor hayati dan budayawi
Mahluk ciptaan tuhan yang terikat dengan lingkungan(ekologi), mempunyai kualitas dan martabat karena kemampuan bekerja dan berkarya.


C.PENGERTIAN KEBUDAYAAN
Kebudayaan adalah kompleks yang mencakup pengetahuan, kepercayaan,kesenian, moral,hukmum, adatistiadat dan kemampuan kemampuan lain serta kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang didapatkan oleh manusia sebagai masyarakat.
Pengertian Kebudayaan Menurut Para Ahli,dan sarjana sarjanabidang social di seluruh dunia
SELO SUMARJAN DAN SOELAEMA SOEMARDI
Merumuskan Kebudayaan sebagai semua hasil karya,rasa dan cipta masyarakat.
KOENTJARANINGRAT
Keseluruan gagasan dan karya manusia yang harus dibiasakannya dengan belajar beserta keseluruhan dari hasil budi pekertinya.
A.L KROBER dan C.KLUCKHON
Kebudayaan adalah menifstasi atau penjelmaan kerja jiwa manusia dalam arti seluas-luasnya.
C.A.VAN Peursen
Kebudayaan adalah sebagai manifestasi kehidupan setiap orang dan kehidupan setiap kelompok orang-orang berlainan dengan hewa-hewa, maka manusia tidak hidup begitu saja ditengah alam, melainkan selalu mengubah alam.
KROEBER DAN KLUKHON
Kebudayaan terdiri atas berbagai pola,bertngkah laku mantap,pikiran,perasan dan reaksi yang diperoleh dan terutama diturunkan oleh simbol-simbol yang menyusun pencapainya secara tersendiri dari kelompok-kelompok manusia
Sistem Nilai dan gagasan utama sebagai hakekat kebudayaan terwujud dalam tiga system kebudayaan secara terperinci:
1. Sistem Ideologi: meliputi etika norma,adapt istiadat,peraturan hokum yang berfungsi sebagai pengarahan
2. Sistem sosial: meliputi hubungan dan kegiatan social dalam masyarakat
3. Sistem teknologi: meliputi segala perhatian serta penggunanya

D.UNSUR-UNSUR KEBUDAYAAN
1. Menurut Melville J.Herkovits kebudayaan terdiri dari 4 unsur yaitu :
- Alat Teknologi,sebagai alat dan perlengkapan hidup.
- Sistem Ekonomi
- Keluarga
-dan Kekuatan Politik
2. Menurut Brownislaw Malinowski unsur kebudayaan terdiri dari:
- Sistem Norma,memungkinkan kerjasama antar anggota masyarakat untuk menyesuakan diri dengan Lingkungannya.
-Organisasi Ekonomi.
-Alat-alat atau lembaga atau petugas pendidik.
- dan Organisasi kekuatan.
3. Menurut C. Kluckhon ada tujuh unsur kebudayaan Universal,Yaitu :
- Sistem Religi,Manusia sebagai homo religious.Diatas kekuatan diri manusia terdapat kekuatan lain yang lebih besar,hinggalahirlah kepercayaan yang sekarang menjadi agama.
-Sistem Organisasi Kemasyarakatan,disusun agar manusia saling bekerja sama untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan hidupnya.
-Sistem Pengetahuan ,manusia sebagai .Pengetahuan dapat diperoleh dari diri sendiri orang lain dan buku.manusianya disebut Homo Sapiens
-Sistem MataPencaharian Hidup dan Sistem ,manusia sebagai homo economicus menjadikan taraf hidup manusia terus meningkat.
-Sistem Teknologi dan Peralatan ,dengan alat ciptaan manusia lebih mampu dari pada binatang.manusianya disebut Homo Faber
-Bahasa atau ,mulanya bahasa Indonesia berbentuk tanda /kode yang sempurnakan dalam bentu lisan dan tulisan.manusianya disebut Homo Languanges
- Kesenian Setelah kebutuhan fisik dibutuhkan kebutuhan psikis karena manusia perlu pandangan mata indah,suara merdu.pada saat itu manusianya disebut Homo Austitecus

E. WUJUD KEBUDAYAAN
Menurut dimensi wujudnya,kebudayaan mempunyai tiga wujud,yaitu :
-Kompleks gagasan,konsep,dan pikiran manusia. Wujud ini disebut sistem budaya yang bersifat abstrak,berpusat pada tiap kepala manusia dan dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk tulisan.
-Kompleks Aktivitas. Berupa aktivitas manusia yang saling berinteraksi,bersifat konkret,dapat diamati,diobservasi,
-Wujud Sebagai Benda. Manusia yang saling berinteraksi tidak lepas dari penggunaan peralatan untuk mencapai tujuannya.

F. ORIENTASI NILAI BUDAYA
Menurut C. Kluckhon dalam karyanya Variations in Value Orientation sistem nilai udaya secara universal menyangkut lima masalah pokok kehidupan manusia,yaitu :
- Hakekat Hidup Manusia hakekat, Hidup setiap kebudayaan berbeda secara exstern. Seperti bcrusaha memadamkan hidup,menganggap kelakuan hidup tertentu sebagai suatu hal yang baik.
-Hakekat karya Manusia, Kebudayaan hakekatnya berbeda-beda ada yang bertujuan u-ntuk hidup,dan lain sebagainya.
-Hakekat waktu Manusia, Hakekat waktu setiap budaya berbeda,ada yang mementingkan orientasi masa lampau dan mementingkan orientasi masa kini.
-Hakekat Alam Manusia, Manusia memiliki anggapan yang berbeda,ada yang beranggapan kebudayaan harus mengeksploitasi alam dan ada pula yang beranggap manusia harus harmonis dengan alam.
-Hakekat Hubungan Manusia, Mementingkan hubungan antar sesamanya dan orientasi pada tokoh,yang berpandanga individualis ditinggalkan saja.

G. PERUBAHAN KEBUDAYAAN
Terjadinya gerak perubahan kebudayaan ini disebabkan oleh :
-Sebab-sebab yang berasal dari masyarakat dan kebudayaanya sendiri. Misalnya perubahan jumlah dan kompisisi penduduk.
-Perubahan lingkungan alam dan fisik tempat mereka hidup. Masyarakat yang hidupnya terbuka cenderung berubah lebih cepat,seperti masuknya budaya barat yang mempengaruhi masyarakat Indonesia.
Berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi diterima atau tidaknya suatu unsur kebudayaan bari,diantaranya :
- Terbatasnya kontak dengan masyarakat luar disebabkan karena masyarakat yang terlalu menutup diri dengan lingkungan luar.
- Pandangan hidup dan nilai-nilai dominan pada suatu kebudayaan ditentukan oleh agama,maka penerimaan unsur baru mengalami hambatan yang harus diukur dengan ukuran yang berlandas agama.
-Corak struktur sosial masyarakat menentukan proses penerimaan kebudayaan sehingga system otoriter sukar menerima unsur budaya baru.
-Unsur budaya yang diterima jika sebelumnya sudah ada unsur budaya lain yang menjadi landasan bagi unsur kebudayaan yang baru tersebut.
- Mudah dibuktikan kegunaanya oleh masyarakat yang bersangkutan bila unsur baru memuliki kegiatan yang terbatas.

H. KAITAN MANUSIA DAN KEBUDAYAAN
Secara sederhana hubungan antara manusia dan kebudayaan adalah manusia sebagai perilaku kebudayaan dan kebudayaan merupakan obyek yang dilaksanakan manusia. Dari sisi lain hubungan antar manusia dan kebudayaan ini dapat dipandang setara dengan hubungan manusia dan masyarakat yang dinyatakan sebagai dialektis.
Proses dialektis ini tercupta melalui tiga tahap,yaitu :
1. Eksternalisasi: Proses manusia mengekspresikan dirinya dengan membangun dunia.
2. Obyektivitas: Proses masyarakat menjadi realitas obyektif,menjadikan masyarakat dengan segala pranata sosialnnya untuk mempengaruhi,dan membentuk perilaku manusia.
3. Internalisasi: Proses manusia mempelajari kembali masyarakatnya agar dia dapat hidup baik,hingga manusia menjadi kenyataan yang dibentuk oleh masyarakat.

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