Tugas IBD 3 Makalah Manusia dan Cinta Kasih

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Makalah Manusia dan Cinta Kasih


BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A.    Latar Belakang
Dalam perjalanan hidup manusia, tidak akan pernah lepas dari yang namanya cinta. Cinta akan selalu ada dalam suatu dimensi yang namanya manusia. Manusia dicipta dengan penuh cinta, dan tanpa cinta manusia tak akan lahir. Manusia diciptakan di jagad bumi mengembangan cinta dari tuhan sebagai khalifah  di muka bumi. Yang menjadi pertanyaan besar sekarang ini adalah pemaknaan akan cinta dalam realitas hidup ini. Apakah cinta dimaknai sebagai sesuatu yang fitrah yang mesti dijaga ataukah suatu wujud rasa yang mesti diagungkan.
Ketika memberikan sebuah defenisi akan cinta, akan lahir beberapa defenisi yang tentu saja akan berbeda dari segi substansi atau hakikat cinta itu. Hal ini dikarenakan sudut pandang yang berbeda pula. Semakin tinggi tingkat pemahaman terhadap suatu norma atau prilaku, akan semakin kompleks penjabaran defenisi itu.
Pemberian pemaknaan akan cinta akan senasib dengan pemberian defenisi tadi. Defenisi yang akan mengantarkan pada suatu substansi kadang dikaburkan oleh ego bahkan nafsu seseorang. Pemaknaan yang salah sebagai sebuah aktualisasi dari cinta seperti pacaran akan mengantarkan pada suatu upaya untuk mendeskreditkan cinta yang luhur sebagai fitrah kemanusiaan. Disamping itu, pemaknaan akan cinta dengan rasa suka harus berani dibedakan. Cinta adalah fitrah yang sifatnya abstrak sehingga perwujudannya berada dalam area metafisik (inmaterial). Sedangkan rasa suka, adalah wujud rasa ketertarikan kepada hal yang bersifat materi.
B.     Rumusan Masalah
Berdasar dari latar belakang masalah di atas, maka penulis merumuskan permasalahan sebagai berikut.
  1. Bagaimana pengertian cinta kasih?
  2. Bagaimana cinta menurut pandangan Islam dan budaya?
BAB II
PEMBAHASAN
A.    Pengertian  Cinta Kasih
Menurut kamus umum bahasa Indonesia, cinta adalah rasa sangat suka kepada ataupun rasa sangat kasih atau sangat tertarik hatinya. Sedangkan kasih artinya perasaan sayang atau cinta kepada atau menaruh belas kasihan. Dengan demikian arti cinta kasih hampir bersamaan, sehingga kata kasih memperkuat rasa cinta.
Walaupun cinta kasih mengandung arti hampir bersamaan, namun terdapat perbedaan juga antara keduanya, cinta lebih mengandung pengertian mendalamnya rasa, sedangkan kasih lebih keluarnya; dengan kata lain bersumber dari cinta yang mendalam itulah kasih dapat diwujudkan secara nyata.
Cinta memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan manusia, sebab cinta merupakan landasan dalam kehidupan perkawinan, pembentukan keluarga dan pemeliharaan anak, hubungan yang erat di masyarakat dan hubungan manusiawi yang akrab. Demikian pula cinta adalah pengikat yang kokoh antara manusia dengan Tuhannya sehingga manusia menyembah Tuhan dengan ikhlas mengikuti perintah-Nya dan berpegang teguh pada syariat-Nya.
Pengertian tentang cinta dikemukakan juga oleh Dr. Sarlito W. Sarwono. Dikatakannya bahwa cinta memiliki tiga unsur yaitu keterkaitan, keintiman dan kemesraan. Yang dimaksud dengan keterkaitan adalah adanya perasaan untuk hanya bersama dia, segala prioritas untuk dia, tidak mau pergi bersama orang lain kecuali dengan dia. Kalau janji dengan dia harus ditepati. Unsur yang kedua adalah keintiman, yaitu adanya kebiasaan-kebiasaan dan tingkah laku yang menunjukkan bahwa antara anda dengan dia sudah tidak ada jarak lagi. Panggilan-panggilan formal seperti bapak, ibu, saudara digantikan dengan sekedar memanggil nama atau sebutan:sayang dan sebagainya. Unsur yang ketiga adalah kemesraan, yaitu adanya rasa ingin membelai atau dibelai, rasa kangen kalau jauh atau lama tidak bertemu, adanya ucapan-ucapan yang rnengungkapkan rasa sayang, dan seterusnya.
Di dalam kitab Suci Alqur’an, ditemukanya fenomena cinta yang bersembunyi di dalam jiwa manusia. Cinta memiliki tiga tingkatan-tingkatan : tinggi, menengah dan rendah. Tingkatan cinta tersebut di atas adalah berdasarkan firman Alloh dalam surah At-Taubah ayat 24 yang artinya sebagai berikut: katakanlah:jika bapak-bapak, anak-anak, saudara-saudara, istri-istri keluargamu, harta kekayaan yang kamu usahakan, perniagaan yang kamu khawatirkan kerugiannya, dan rumah-rumah tempat tinggal yang kamu sukai; adalah lebih kamu cintai dari pada Allah dan Rasul-Nya dan berjihad di jalan-Nya, maka tunggulah sampai Allah mendatangkan keputusan-Nya. Dan Allah tidak memberi petunjuk kepada orang-orang fasik.
B.     Pembagian Cinta Menurut Pandangan Islam dan Budaya
Ada yang berpendapat bahwa etika cinta dapat dipahami dengan mudah tanpa dikaitkan dengan agama. Tetapi dalam kenyataan hidup manusia masih mendambakan tegaknya cinta dalam kehidupan ini. Di satu pihak, cinta didengungkan lewat lagu dan organisasi perdamaian dunia, tetapi di pihak lain dalam praktek kehidupan cinta sebagai dasar kehidupan jauh dari kenyataan. Atas dasar ini, agama memberikan ajaran cinta kepada manusia.
Dalam kehidupan manusia, cinta menampakkan diri dalam berbagai bentuk. Kadang-kadang seseorang mencintai dirinya sendiri. Kadang-kadang mencintai orang lain. Atau juga istri dan anaknya, hartanya, atau Allah dan Rasulnya. Berbagai bentuk cinta ini bisa kita dapatkan dalam kitab suci Al-Qur’an.
a.      Cinta Diri
Cinta diri erat kaitannya dengan dorongan menjaga diri. Manusia senang untuk tetap hidup, mengembangkan potensi dirinya, dan mengaktualisasikan diri. Pun ia mencintai segala sesuatu yang mendatangkan kebaikan pada dirinya. Sebaliknya ia membenci segala sesuatu yang menghalanginya untuk hidup, berkembang dan mengaktualisasikan diri. Ia juga membenci segala sesuatu yang mendatangkan rasa sakit, penyakit dan mara bahaya. Al-Qur’an telah mengungkapkan cinta alamiah manusia terhadap dirinya sendiri ini, kecenderungannya untuk menuntut segala sesuatu yang bermanfaat dan berguna bagi dirinya, dan menghindar dari segala sesuatu yang membahayakan keselamatan dirinya, melalui ucapan Nabi Muhammad SAW, bahwa seandainya beliau mengetahui hal-hal gaib, tentu beliau akan memperbanyak hal-hal yang baik bagi dirinya dan menjauhkan dirinya dari segala keburukan.
Diantara gejala yang menunjukkan kecintaan manusia terhadap dirinya sendiri ialah kecintaannya yang sangat terhadap harta, yang dapat merealisasikan semua keinginannya dan memudahkan baginya segala sarana untuk mencapai kesenangan dan kemewahan hidup. (QS, al-Adiyat, 100:8)
b.      Cinta Kepada Sesama Manusia
Agar manusia dapat hidup dengan penuh keserasian dan keharmonisan dengan manusia lainnya, tidak boleh tidak ia harus membatasi cintanya pada diri sendiri dan egoismenya. Pun hendaknya ia menyeimbangkan cintanya itu dengan cinta dan kasih sayang pada orang-orang lain, bekerja sama dengan dan memberi bantuan kepada orang lain. Oleh karena itu, Allah ketika memberi isyarat tentang kecintaan manusia pada dirinya sendiri, seperti yang tampak pada keluh kesahnya apabila ia tertimpa kesusahan dan usahanya yang terus menerus untuk memperoleh kebaikan serta kebakhilannya dalam memberikan sebagian karunia yang diperolehnya, setelah itu Allah langsung memberi pujian kepada orang-orang yang berusaha untuk tidak berlebih-lebihan dalam cintanya kepada diri sendiri dan melepaskan diri dari gejala-gejala itu adalah dengan melalui iman, menegakkan shalat, memberikan zakat, bersedekah kepada orang-orang miskin dan tak punya dan menjauhi segala larangan Allah. Keimanan yang demikian ini akan bisa menyeimbangkan antara cintanya kepada diri sendiri dan cintanya pada orang lain, dan dengan demikian akan bisa merealisasikan kebaikan individu dan masyarakat.
Al-Qur’an juga menyeru kepada orang-orang yang beriman agan saling cinta-mencintai seperti cinta mereka pada diri mereka sendiri. Dalam seruan itu sesungguhnya terkandung pengarahan kepada para mukmin agar tidak berlebih-lebihan dalam mencintai diri sendiri.
c.       Cinta seksual
Cinta erat kaitannya dengan dorongan seksual. Sebab ialah yang bekerja dalam melestarikan kasih sayang, keserasian, dan kerja sama antara suami dan istri. Ia merupakan faktor yang primer bagi kelangsungan hidup keluarga :
Dan di antara tanda-tanda kekuasaan-Nya ialah Dia menciptakan untukmu Istri-istri dan jenismu sendiri, supaya kamu cenderung dan merasa tentram kepadanya, dan  dijadikan-Nya di antaramu rasa kasih dan sayang. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu benar-benar terdapat tanda-tanda bagi yang berpikir. (QS, Ar-Rum, 30:21)
Dorongan seksual melakukan suatu fungsi penting. yaitu melahirkan keturunan demi kelangsungan jenis. Lewat dorongan seksual lah terbentuk keluarga. Dari keluarga terbentuk masyarakat dan bangsa. Dengan demikian bumi pun menjadi ramai, bangsa-bangsa saling kenal mengenal, kebudayaan berkembang, dan ilmu pengetahuan dan industri menjadi maju. Islam mengakui dorongan seksual dan tidak mengingkarinya. Jelas dengan sendirinya ia mengakui pula cinta seksual yang menyertai dorongan tersebut. Sebab ia merupakan emosi alamiah dalam diri manusia yang tidak diingkari, tidak ditentang ataupun ditekannya. Yang diserukan Islam hanyalah pengendalian dan penguasaan cinta ini, lewat pemenuhan dorongan tersebut dengan cam yang sah, yaitu dengan perkawinan.
d.      Cinta kepada Allah
Puncak cinta manusia, yang paling bening, jernih dan spiritual ialah cintanya kepada Allah dan kerinduannya kepada-Nya. Tidak hanya dalam shalat, pujian, dan doanya saja, tetapi juga dalam semua tindakan dan tingkah lakunya. Semua tingkah laku dan tindakannya ditujukan kepada Allah, mengharapkan penerimaan dan ridho-Nya: “Katakan1ah: Jika kamu (benar-benar) mencintai Allah, ikutilah aku, niscaya Allah mengasihi dan mengampuni dosa-dosamu. Allah maha pengampun lagi maha penyayang” (QS, Mi Imran, 3:31).
Cinta yang ikhlas seorang manusia kepada Allah akan membuat cinta itu menjadi kekuatan pendorong yang mengarahkannya dalam kehidupannya dan menundukkan semua bentuk kecintaan lainnya. Cinta ini pun juga akan membuatnya menjadi seorang yang cinta pada sesama manusia, hewan, semua makhluk Allah dan seluruh alam semesta. Sebab dalam pandangannya semua wujud yang ada di sekelilingnya mempunyai manifestasi dari Tuhannya yang membangkitkan kerinduan-kerinduan spiritualnya dan harapan kalbunya.
e.       Cinta Kepada Rasul
Cinta kepada rasul, yang diutus Allah sebagai rahmah bagi seluruh alam semesta, menduduki peringkat ke dua setelah cinta kepada Allah. Ini karena Rasul merupakan ideal sempurna bagi manusia baik dalam tingkah laku, moral, maupun berbagal sifat luhur lainnya.
Seorang mukmin yang benar-benar beriman dengan sepenuh hati akan mencintai Rasulullah yang telah menanggung derita dakwah Islam, berjuang dengan penuh segala kesulitan sehingga Islam tersebar di seluruh penjuru dunia. dan membawa kemanusiaan dan kekelaman kesesatan menuju cahaya petunjuk.
BAB III
PENUTUP
A.    Simpulan
Cinta kasih mengandung arti hampir bersamaan, namun terdapat perbedaan juga antara keduanya, cinta lebih mengandung pengertian mendalamnya rasa, sedangkan kasih lebih keluarnya; dengan kata lain bersumber dari cinta yang mendalam itulah kasih dapat diwujudkan secara nyata.
Dalam kehidupan manusia, cinta menampakkan diri dalam berbagai bentuk. Kadang-kadang seseorang mencintai dirinya sendiri. Kadang-kadang mencintai orang lain. Atau juga istri dan anaknya, hartanya, atau Allah dan Rasulnya. Berbagai bentuk cinta ini bisa kita dapatkan dalam kitab suci Al-Qur’an.
  1. Cinta diri
  2. Cinta kepada sesama manusia
  3. Cinta seksual
  4. Cinta kepada Allah
  5. Cinta kepada Rasul


DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Asy’arrie, Musa. Manusia Pembentuk Kebudayaan dalam Al-Que’an: Lembaga Studi Filsafat, Yogyakarta. 1992.
Mastopo, M. Habib. Manusia dan budaya kumpulan Esay: Usaha Nasional, Surabaya. 1990.
MP. Suyadi. Ilmu Budaya Dasar: PT. Karunia, Jakarta. 1990.

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