Tugas IBD 4 MANUSIA DAN KEINDAHAN

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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
                                     MANUSIA DAN KEINDAHAN
 

1.      LATAR BELAKANG
Keindahan berasal dari kata indah.Keindahan berarti sesuatu yang baik,menyenangkan,ilmu yang indah ,kebajikan yang indah atau sebagai bentuk yang indah .Keindahan sangat berhubungan era dengan manusia,seni,keserasian,kehalusan.Kata orang tanpa ada keindahan adalah manusia yang mati sebelum waktunya.Bisa jadi,karena keindahan adalah pelengkap hidup manusia.
Maka bila manusia yang hidup tanpa keindahan pada hakikatnya dia sudah mati. Keindahan bisa membuat kita gembira, bersyukur, dan lain-lain. Orang yang hidup tanpa keindahan pada realita maka dia akan cenderung kurang bersemangat. Oleh karena itu, dalam makalah ini kita dapat mengetahui lebih dalam manusia dan keindahan.

2.      TUJUAN PENULISAN
Tujuan penulisan ini dibuat adalah untuk memberikan informasi atau pembelajaran kepada pembaca umum agar mengetahui sejarah dari pengertian manusia dan keindahan.


3.      RUANG LINGKUP
Ruang Lingkup penulisan ini adalah   :
a.       Pengertian Keindahan
b.      Keindahan dalam arti estetik murni
c.       Nilai Intrinsik Dan Nilai Entristik
d.      Kontemplasi dan Ekstansi





BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

MANUSIA DAN KEINDAHAN


A.Pengertian Keindahan

            Keindahan berasal dari kata indah ,yang artinya adalah bagus,permai,cantik,elok,molek dan sebagainya.Benda yang mempunyai sifat indah adalah segala hasil seni meskipun tidak semua hasil seni indah ,pemandangan alam(pantai,pegunungan,danau,bunga-bunga),manusia(wjah,mata,bibir,hidung,rambut,kaki,tubuh,)Keindahan adalah identik dengan kebenaran atau kenyataan.
            Menurut The Liang Gie dalam bukunya ‘Garis Besar Estetik’(Filsafat Keindahan) dalam bahasa inggris keindahan itu diterjemahkan dengan kata “beautiful”Perancis “beau”,Italia dan Spanyol “bello”.Kata-kata itu berasal dari bahasa latin “bellum”.Akar Katanya adalah “bonum” yang berarti kebaikan kemudian mempunyai bentuk pengecilan menjadi “bonellum” dan terakhir dipendekan sehingga ditulis “bellum”.
            Manusia setiap waktu memperindah diri,pakaian,rumah,kendaraan,dan sebgainya agar segalanya tampak mempesona dan menyenangkan bagi yang melihatnya .Semu ini menunjukan betapa manusia sangat gandrung dan mencintai keindahan.Menurut cakupannya orang harus membedakan keindahan sebagai sesuatu kualitas abstrak dan sebagai sebuah benda tertentu yang indah .Untuk pembedaan itu dalam bahasa inggris sering dopergunakan istilah “beauty” (keindahan) dan” the beautiful” (benda atau hal indah).Dalam pembatasan filsafat ,kedua pengertian ini kadang-kadang dicampuradukan saja disamping itu terdapat juga perbedaan menurut luasnya perngertian ini sebagai berikut :

1.      Keindahan dalam arti luas
2.      Keindahan dalam arti estetis murni
3.      Keindahan dalam arti terbatas dalam pengertiannya dengan penglihatannya.

Keindahan dalam arti luas merupakan pengertian semula dar bangsa Yunani dulu yang didalamnya tercakup pula kebaikan,plato misalnya menyebut tentang watak yang indah dan hukum yang indah ,Sedang Aritoteles merumuskan keindahan sebagai sesuatu yang selain baik juga menyenangkan .Plotinus menulis tentang ilmu yang indah ,kebajikan yang indah .Orang Yunani dulu berbicara juga tentang buah pikiran yang indah dan adap kebiasaan yang indah.Tapi bangsa Yunani juga mengenal keindahan dalam arti estetis yang disebutnya “symetria” untuk keindahan berdasarkan penglihatan dan harmonia untuk keindahan berdasarkan pendengaran .Jadi pengertian keindahan seluas-luasnya meliputu keindahan seni,keindahan alam,keindahan moral dan keindahan intelektual.

B. Keindahan Dalam Arti Estetik Murni

Dalam rangka teori umum tentang nilai The Liang Gie menjelaskan bahwa pengertian keindahan diangggap sebagai salah satu jenis nilai sepertihalnya nilai moral,nilai ekonomik,nilai pendidikan dan nilai sebagainya,Nilai yang berhubungan dengan segala sesuatu yang tercakup dalam pengertian keindahan disebut nilai estetik.Nilai adalah suatu realitas pskologis yang harus dibedakan secara tegas dari kegunaan ,karena terdapat dalam jiwa manusia dan bukan pada bendanya itu sendiri.Nilai itu oleh orang percaya terdapat pada sesuatu benda sampai terbukti ketakbenarannya.Dalam “Dictionary Of Sociology And Related Science”diberikan rumusan tentang nilai sebagai berikut : The believed capacity of any object to saticgy a human desire.The Quality of any object which causes it be of interest to an individual or a group. Maksudnya adalah Kemampuan yang dianggap ada pada suatu benda yang dapat mmuaskan keinginan manusia.Sifat dari suatu benda yang menarik minat seseorang atau  suatu kelompok.
            Hal itu bearti bahwa nilai adalah semata-mata adalah realita psikologi yang harus dibedakan secara tegas dari kegunaan,karena terdapat dalam jiwa manusia  dan bukan pada hendaknya itu sendiri .Nilai itu oleh orang dianggap terdapat pada suatu benda sampai terbukti letak kebenarannya.

C. Nilai Intrinsik dan Nilai Entristik

Nilai itu ada yang membedakan antara nilai subyektif dan obyektif .Tetapi penggolongannya yang penting ialah :
      Nilai Ekstrinsik adalah sifat baik dari suatu benda sebagai alat atau sarana  untuk sesuatuhal laina (instrument/contributory),yakni nilai yang bersifat sebagai alat atau membantu.
     Nilai Instrinsik adalah sifat baik dari benda yang bersangkutan ,atau sebagai suatu tujuan ataupun demi kepentingan benda itu sendiri.

D. Kontemplasi dan Ekstansi

     Kontemplasi adalah dasar dalam diri manusia untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang indah yang merupakan suatu proses bermeditasi merenungkan atau berpikir penuh dan mendalam untuk mencari nilai – nilai ,makna,manfaat dan tujuan atau niat suatu hasil penciptaan.
         Ekstansi adalah dasar dalam diri manusia untuk menyatakan ,merasakan dan menikmati sesuatu yang indah .Manusia menciptkan berbagai mecam peralatan untuk memecahkan rahasia gejala alami tersebut.Semuanya ini dilakukan dan hanya bis terjadi berdasarkan resep atau pemikiran pendahuluan yang dihasilkan oleh kontemplasi .Siklus kehidupan manusia dalam lingkup pandangan ini menunjukan bahwa kontemplasi selain sebagai tujuan juga sebagai cara atau jalan mencari keserbasempurnaan kehidupan manusia.

Manusia dan keindahan merupakan satu kesatuan .Bisa dibilang begitu karena keindahan juga merupakan begian dari manusia ,manusia sangat memperhatikan keindahan dari cara berpakaian,cara berbicara ,cara berjalan ,cara bergaya,dan lain-lain.Keindahan juga bisa diciptakan dengan oleh manusia seperti melukis ,bernyanyi,dan memainkan alat music ,tak sedikit manusia yang membuat keindahan untuk diri sendiri dalam arti untuk kehidupan makhluk hidup lainnya,contoh bila mana kalau ita merawatkebersihan lingkungan sekitar maka akan tercipta kerukunan yang sejuk dan indah,jika itu dapat dilakukan itu akan menjadi budaya yang sangat menarik.
Kebudayaan diciptakan oleh manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pokok hidupnya, terutama kebutuhan hidup fisiknya. Setelah kebutuhan pokok dapat dipenuhi maka manusia menciptakan kesenian yang merupakan salah satu kebutuhan psikisnya yang tercukupi melalui rasa indah (seni rasa indah). Kesenian merupakan bagian kecil dari kebudayaan dan kelanjutan dari kebudayaan. Karena kebudayaan yang diciptakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan fisik, cenderung pada kebutuhan material. Apabila kebutuhan ini telah terpenuhi, manusia akan mencari kebutuhan lain yang belum diperolehnya. Dan kebutuhan itu adalah kebutuhan psikis yang cenderung pada kebutuhan spiritual, termasuk di dalamnya kesenian.
Pada umumnya, kesenian dapat dinikmati oleh manusia melalui dua macam inderanya, yaitu indera mata dan indera telinga atau keduanya secara serentak. Keindahan dalam hubungannya dengan kedua macam indera itu, dibedakan atas tiga macam, yaitu seni rupa, seni suara, dan seni pertunjukan.
·         Seni Rupa
Seni rupa merupakan kesenian yang dapat dinikmati melalui indera mata sehingga sifatnya visual. Wujudnya antara lain adalah seni bangunan, seni relief atau ukiran timbul, seni lukis, dan seni rias.
·         Seni Suara
Seni suara merupakan kesenian yang dapat dinikmati melalui indera telinga sehingga sifatnya audio. Wujudnya antara lain adalah seni vocal, seni instrumental, dan seni sastra yang lisan.
·         Seni Pertunjukan
Seni pertunjukan adalah kesenian yang dapat dinikmati melalui indera mata dan telinga sekaligus sehingga sifatnya audiovisual. Wujudnya antara lain adalah seni tari, seni drama, seni film.
Perkembangan Kesenian
Kesenian sebagai salah satu wujud dari karya manusia akan selalu tumbuh dan berkembang. Dalam perkembangannya, kesenian dapat dibedakan berdasarkan atas waktu, tempat, dan paham, adalah sebagai berikut :
-Perkembangan kesenian atas dasar waktu
Pada umumnya dibedakan atas tiga zaman, yaitu zaman kuno, zaman tengah, dan zaman modern.
-Perkembangan kesenian atas dasar tempat
Perkembangan kesenian ini dapat dibedakan atas kesenian rakyat, kesenian keraton, dan kesenian kota.
Aliran-aliran Kesenian
Di dalalm kesenian tersirat dua aliran besar dalam penciptaan kesenian, yaitu kuno dan modern. Yang kuno masih tergantung pada alam, sedangkan yang modern berusaha menciptakan sesuatu yang baru. Seni yang masih tergantung pada alam dikenal sebagai naturalisme atau realisme, sedangkan yang ciptaan manusia disebut ekspresionisme. Kedua macam aliran kesenian tersebut dapat terlihat dengan jelas dalam bidang seni lukis dan sastra.


BAB III
KESIMPULAN

MANUSIA DAN KEINDAHAN
 
Manusia menciptakan kesenian yang merupakan salah satu kebutuhan psikisnya yang tercukupi melalui rasa indah (seni rasa indah). Keindahan dapat dinikmati melalui indera penglihatan dan indera telinga. Kesenian merupakan bagian kecil dari kebudayaan.


4. Daftar Pustaka

Whidagdo, Djoko.Ilmu Budaya Dasar. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara. 2003
Try, Prasetio, Djoko. Ilmu Budaya DasarMKDU. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. 1998
Widyosiswoyo, Supartono. 1992. Ilmu Budaya Dasar. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.

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No car insurance resource would be complete without a comprehensive glossary of car insurance terms. We've compiled a list of terms and their definitions to better help you navigate the sometimes confusing world of insurance Accident - This is an unexpected sudden event that causes property damage to an automobile or bodily injury to a person. The event may be an at-fault or not-at fault and it may be report or unreported. An accident involving two vehicles may be termed a collision. Accident report form - This is the report filed by police, often called the police report, containing the important information regarding the vehicle collision. This report will include the names of all individuals involved, vehicles involved, property damaged and citations that were issued. Adjuster - This is the person who will evaluate the actual loss reported on the policy after an accident or other incident. 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